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1492
1492

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of 1492 is here in full — 108 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for 1492
Context Illustration Reading 1/21 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.
Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.
The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.
They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.
Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

1492

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of 1492 is here in full — 108 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/21 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.
Line 2
Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.
/naʊ ɪt wɑːz diːp ˈsʌmər bluː ənd ɡoʊld ənd ðə er ɔːl bɑːm ənd kərˈesɪŋ/
Line 3
The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.
/ðə ˈiːvnɪŋ bɪˈfɔːr aɪ hæd siːn ðə θriː ʃɪps wer ðeɪ roʊd ɪn ˈrɪvər maʊθ/
Line 4
They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.
Line 5
Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

balm noun US /bɑːm/

any of various aromatic resinous substances used for healing and soothing

From this reading “Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.”

caressing noun US /kərˈesɪŋ/

affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)

From this reading “Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.”

decked verb US /dekt/

past form of “deck” — be beautiful to look at

From this reading “They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.”

dunes noun US /duːnz/

plural of “dune” — a ridge of sand created by the wind; found in deserts or near lakes and oceans

From this reading “RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.”

leagues noun US /liːɡz/

plural of “league” — an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members

From this reading “Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!”

Santa noun US /ˈsæntə/

the legendary patron saint of children; an imaginary being who is thought to bring presents to children at Christmas

toiled verb US /tɔɪld/

past form of “toil” — work hard

From this reading “Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!”

traveled adjective US /ˈtrævəld/

traveled over or through; sometimes used as a combining term

From this reading “Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!”

All words in this reading · 78

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

balmnounUS /bɑːm/

any of various aromatic resinous substances used for healing and soothing

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

blueadjectiveUS /bluː/

of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

caravels

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.

caressingnounUS /kərˈesɪŋ/

affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs)

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

craftnounUS /kræft/

the skilled practice of a practical occupation

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

dawnnounUS /dɔːn/

the first light of day

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

deckedverbUS /dekt/

past form of “deck” — be beautiful to look at

From this reading They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

desertverbUS /ˈdezərt/

leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

dunesnounUS /duːnz/

plural of “dune” — a ridge of sand created by the wind; found in deserts or near lakes and oceans

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

eveningnounUS /ˈiːvnɪŋ/

the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

fullyadverbUS /ˈfʊli/

to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely; (“full” in this sense is used as a combining form)

From this reading They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.

goldnounUS /ɡoʊld/

coins made of gold

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

graynessnoun

a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

IndianounUS /ˈɪndiə/

a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

largestadjectiveUS /ˈlɑːrdʒəst/

superlative of “large” — above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

leaguesnounUS /liːɡz/

plural of “league” — an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

MarianounUS /mərˈiːə/

a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon

From this reading They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

mouthnounUS /maʊθ/

the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

myselfpronounUS /ˌmaɪˈself/

used when the speaker is also the object of the action

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

plainadjectiveUS /pleɪn/

clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

RISINGadjectiveUS /ˈraɪzɪŋ/

advancing or becoming higher or greater in degree or value or status

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

roadnounUS /roʊd/

an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

rodeverbUS /roʊd/

inflected form of “ride” — sit and travel on the back of animal, usually while controlling its motions

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

SantanounUS /ˈsæntə/

the legendary patron saint of children; an imaginary being who is thought to bring presents to children at Christmas

From this reading They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

SmalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

stretchedadjectiveUS /stretʃt/

(of muscles) relieved of stiffness by stretching

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

summernounUS /ˈsʌmər/

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

toiledverbUS /tɔɪld/

past form of “toil” — work hard

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

traveledadjectiveUS /ˈtrævəld/

traveled over or through; sometimes used as a combining term

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

walkedverbUS /wɔːkt/

past form of “walk” — use one's feet to advance; advance by steps

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Now it was deep summer, blue and gold, and the air all balm and caressing.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They were caravels, and only the _Santa Maria_, the largest, was fully decked.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading The evening before I had seen the three ships where they rode in river mouth.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading RISING at dawn, I walked to the sea and along it until I came at last to those dunes beneath which I had stretched myself that day of grayness.

wildernessnounUS /ˈwɪldərnəs/

(politics) a state of disfavor

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Small craft with which to find India, over a road of a thousand leagues--or no road, for road means that men have toiled there and traveled there--no road, but a wilderness plain, a water desert!

Chapter 8 of 1492 by Mary Johnston holds 108 sentences, grouped into 22 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of 1492 contain?

Chapter 8 holds 108 sentences of 1492, unabridged, divided into 22 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of 1492 by Mary Johnston exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 108 sentences, grouped into 22 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of 1492?

Work through the 22 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 22 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading 1492

Common questions about reading 1492 by Mary Johnston on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of 1492?

Yes. All 7464 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #1692 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of 1492 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #1692, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does 1492 take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1493 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read 1492 section by section

How to work through 1492 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of 1492 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in 1492

Words and structures a reader meets early in 1492, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Morning
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1492; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Palos
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1492; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Jayme
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1492; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Marchena
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1492; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.