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1851
1851

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of 1851 is here in full — 79 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
“There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”
_North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.
Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.
Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.
He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

1851

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of 1851 is here in full — 79 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
“There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”
Line 2
_North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.
Line 3
Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.
/ðer hoʊm wɑːz wʌn ʌv ðə tuː ˈskwaɪərz ˈhaʊsəz bɪˈfɔːr ˈspoʊkən ʌv æz ˈlaɪɪŋ æt ðə ekˈstriːmz ʌv ðə ˈvɪlədʒ/
Line 4
Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.
Line 5
He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

betters noun US /ˈbetərz/

plural of “better” — something superior in quality or condition or effect

From this reading ““There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.””

country's noun US /ˈkʌntriz/

possessive form of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

Cumberland noun US /ˈkʌmbərlənd/

English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)

From this reading “Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.”

emporia noun US /emˈpɔːriə/

plural of “emporium” — a large retail store organized into departments offering a variety of merchandise; commonly part of a retail chain

From this reading “Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.”

extremes noun US /ekˈstriːmz/

plural of “extreme” — the furthest or highest degree of something

From this reading “Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.”

grazing noun US /ˈɡreɪzɪŋ/

the act of grazing

From this reading “He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.”

lan noun US /læn/

a local computer network for communication between computers; especially a network connecting computers and word processors and other electronic office equipment to create a communication system between offices

From this reading ““There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.””

squires noun US /ˈskwaɪərz/

plural of “squire” — young nobleman attendant on a knight

From this reading “Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

regular attendant adjective + noun

In this reading “He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.”

college days noun + noun

In this reading “Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.”

North Country noun + noun

In this reading “_North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.”

from the village preposition + article + noun counted as “from … village”

In this reading “_North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.”

All words in this reading · 109

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

attendantnounUS /əˈtendənt/

someone who waits on or tends to or attends to the needs of another

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

auldadjectiveUS /ɔːld/

a Scottish word

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

BalladnounUS /ˈbæləd/

a narrative song with a recurrent refrain

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

BeesnounUS /biːz/

plural of “bee” — any of numerous hairy-bodied insects including social and solitary species

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

bettersnounUS /ˈbetərz/

plural of “better” — something superior in quality or condition or effect

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

Buttermere

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

c'aff

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

CheesenounUS /tʃiːz/

a solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

ChristophernounUS /ˈkrɪstəfər/

Christian martyr and patron saint of travellers (3rd century)

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

Cockermouth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

collegenounUS /ˈkɑːlɪdʒ/

the body of faculty and students of a college

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

CountrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

country'snounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

possessive form of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

CumberlandnounUS /ˈkʌmbərlənd/

English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

Cursty

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

daughternounUS /ˈdɔːtər/

a female human offspring

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

describedadjectiveUS /dɪˈskraɪbd/

represented in words especially with sharpness and detail

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

Elcy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

emporianounUS /emˈpɔːriə/

plural of “emporium” — a large retail store organized into departments offering a variety of merchandise; commonly part of a retail chain

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

extremesnounUS /ekˈstriːmz/

plural of “extreme” — the furthest or highest degree of something

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

FairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

fwok

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

grazingnounUS /ˈɡreɪzɪŋ/

the act of grazing

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

GreennounUS /ɡriːn/

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

HARDadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

heronounUS /ˈhɪroʊ/

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

heroinenounUS /ˈheroʊən/

the main good female character in a work of fiction

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

herolets

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

housesnounUS /ˈhaʊsəz/

plural of “house” — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

Jobby

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

Keswick

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

lannounUS /læn/

a local computer network for communication between computers; especially a network connecting computers and word processors and other electronic office equipment to create a communication system between offices

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

lang

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

Lanthwaite

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

larders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

leanverbUS /liːn/

to incline or bend from a vertical position

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

leyke

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

lucknounUS /lʌk/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

lyingnounUS /ˈlaɪɪŋ/

the deliberate act of deviating from the truth

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

Martinmasses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

milenounUS /maɪl/

a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

missedadjectiveUS /mɪst/

not caught with the senses or the mind

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

MrsnounUS /ˈmɪsɪz/

a form of address for a married woman

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

mudnounUS /mʌd/

water soaked soil; soft wet earth

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

nae

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

NorthnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

preyde

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

puzzen'd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

regularadjectiveUS /ˈreɡjələr/

in accordance with fixed order or procedure or principle

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

roun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

san

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

Sandboys

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

SeptembernounUS /sepˈtembər/

the month following August and preceding October

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

seyne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

sheepnounUS /ʃiːp/

woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

shene

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

SinnounUS /sɪn/

estrangement from god

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

spokenadjectiveUS /ˈspoʊkən/

uttered through the medium of speech or characterized by speech; sometimes used in combination

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

squiresnounUS /ˈskwaɪərz/

plural of “squire” — young nobleman attendant on a knight

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Mr. Christopher, or, as after the old Cumberland fashion he was called, “Cursty,” Sandboys, was native to the place, and since his college days of St. Bees, had never been further than Keswick or Cockermouth, the two great emporia and larders of Buttermere.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

There's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

throughoutprepositionUS /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

villagenounUS /ˈvɪlədʒ/

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading _North Country Ballad._ HARD upon a mile from the village before described lived the hero, the heroine, and herolets of the present story, by names Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys, their son, Jobby, and their daughter, Elcy.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Their home was one of the two squires’ houses before spoken of as lying at the extremes of the village.

We're

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

winoun

a midwestern state in north central United States

From this reading “There’s been nae luck throughout the lan’ Sin’ fwok mud leyke their betters shene; The country’s puzzen’d roun’ wi’ preyde; We’re c’aff and san’ to auld lang seyne.”

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading He had not missed Keswick Cheese Fair for forty Martinmasses, and had been a regular attendant at Lanthwaite Green, every September, with his lean sheep for grazing.

Chapter 2 of 1851 by Henry Mayhew holds 79 sentences, grouped into 16 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of 1851 contain?

Chapter 2 holds 79 sentences of 1851, unabridged, divided into 16 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of 1851 by Henry Mayhew exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 79 sentences, grouped into 16 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of 1851?

Work through the 16 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 16 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading 1851

Common questions about reading 1851 by Henry Mayhew on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of 1851?

Yes. All 2985 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #65234 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of 1851 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #65234, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does 1851 take to read?

About 248 minutes of reading across 597 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read 1851 section by section

How to work through 1851 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of 1851 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in 1851

Words and structures a reader meets early in 1851, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Nichol
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cracks
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Smiddy
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fodder
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.