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1851
1851

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of 1851 is here in full — 136 sentences across 28 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/27 · 5 lines
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Hark! where th inveytin drum o Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o wounds an scars, O bruolliments an battles.
But Sargin Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han this day.
* * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa an confusion.
But may nae frien o mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an a guinea.
Wi Keyte this day.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

1851

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of 1851 is here in full — 136 sentences across 28 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/27 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Hark! where thinveytindrum oMars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye owounds anscars, Obruolliments anbattles.
Line 2
But SarginKeyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off hanthis day.
Line 3
* * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, Anon their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfaanconfusion.
Line 4
But may nae frienomine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter awthe Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense ana guinea.
Line 5
WiKeyte this day.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Athwart adverb US /əˈθwɔːrt/

at right angles to the center line of a ship

From this reading “Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.”

barter noun US /ˈbɑːrtər/

an equal exchange

From this reading “But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.”

cheats noun US /tʃiːts/

plural of “cheat” — weedy annual grass often occurs in grainfields and other cultivated land; seeds sometimes considered poisonous

From this reading “But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.”

guinea noun US /ˈɡɪni/

a former British gold coin worth 21 shillings

From this reading “But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.”

han noun US /hɑːn/

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization

From this reading “But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.”

ninny noun US /ˈnɪni/

a stupid foolish person

From this reading “But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.”

rattles noun US /ˈrætəlz/

plural of “rattle” — a rapid series of short loud sounds (as might be heard with a stethoscope in some types of respiratory disorders)

From this reading “Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.”

scars noun US /skɑːrz/

plural of “scar” — a mark left (usually on the skin) by the healing of injured tissue

From this reading “Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

turn out verb + adjective

be shown or be found to be

In this reading “But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.”

wait upon verb + particle

In this reading “But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.”

All words in this reading · 82

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

AthwartadverbUS /əˈθwɔːrt/

at right angles to the center line of a ship

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

aw

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

aye

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

barternounUS /ˈbɑːrtər/

an equal exchange

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

battlesnounUS /ˈbætəlz/

plural of “battle” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

Briton's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

bruolliments

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

buith

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

cheatsnounUS /tʃiːts/

plural of “cheat” — weedy annual grass often occurs in grainfields and other cultivated land; seeds sometimes considered poisonous

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

confusionnounUS /kənˈfjuːʒən/

disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

constitutionnounUS /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən/

law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

downfa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

drumnounUS /drʌm/

a musical percussion instrument; usually consists of a hollow cylinder with a membrane stretched across each end

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

fainadjectiveUS /feɪn/

having made preparations

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

foesnounUS /foʊz/

plural of “foe” — an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force)

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

fortunenounUS /ˈfɔːrtʃən/

an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

frien

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

guineanounUS /ˈɡɪni/

a former British gold coin worth 21 shillings

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

hannounUS /hɑːn/

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

HarkverbUS /hɑːrk/

listen; used mostly in the imperative

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

honournounUS /ˈɑːnər/

the state of being honored

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

inveytin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

It's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

Keyte

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

kurk

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

leyke

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

maizlin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

MarsnounUS /mɑːrz/

a small reddish planet that is the 4th from the sun and is periodically visible to the naked eye; minerals rich in iron cover its surface and are responsible for its characteristic color

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

mindsnounUS /maɪndz/

plural of “mind” — that which is responsible for one's thoughts, feelings, and conscious brain functions; the seat of the faculty of reason

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

minepronounUS /maɪn/

the one or ones belonging to the person speaking

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

nae

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

ninnynounUS /ˈnɪni/

a stupid foolish person

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

nonsensenounUS /ˈnɑːnsens/

a message that seems to convey no meaning

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

onounUS /oʊ/

a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

OffadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

persuadeverbUS /pərˈsweɪd/

win approval or support for

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

rattlesnounUS /ˈrætəlz/

plural of “rattle” — a rapid series of short loud sounds (as might be heard with a stethoscope in some types of respiratory disorders)

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

reeghts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

Sargin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

scarsnounUS /skɑːrz/

plural of “scar” — a mark left (usually on the skin) by the healing of injured tissue

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

thnounUS /ˈtiːˈeɪtʃ/

the fifth day of the week; the fourth working day

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading But may nae frien’ o’ mine, By cheats turn out that maizlin ninny, To barter aw’ the Briton’s reeghts, For nonsense an’ a guinea.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

wadverbUS /wɑːd/

compress into a wad

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

waitverbUS /weɪt/

stay in one place and anticipate or expect something

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading But Sargin’ Keyte wad fain persuade It’s but the call of honour, Where certain fortune shall be made, By those who wait upon her, Off han’ this day.

Winoun

a midwestern state in north central United States

From this reading Wi’ Keyte this day.

WishverbUS /wɪʃ/

hope for; have a wish

From this reading * * * * * * I leyke the king, I leyke the state, The kurk and constitution, An’ on their foes buith soon and late, Wish downfa’ an’ confusion.

woundsnounUS /wuːndz/

plural of “wound” — an injury to living tissue (especially an injury involving a cut or break in the skin)

From this reading Hark! where th’ inveytin’ drum o’ Mars Athwart the far land rattles, It minds me aye o’ wounds an’ scars, O’ bruolliments an’ battles.

Chapter 11 of 1851 by Henry Mayhew holds 136 sentences, grouped into 28 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of 1851 contain?

Chapter 11 holds 136 sentences of 1851, unabridged, divided into 28 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of 1851 by Henry Mayhew exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 136 sentences, grouped into 28 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of 1851?

Work through the 28 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 28 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading 1851

Common questions about reading 1851 by Henry Mayhew on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of 1851?

Yes. All 2985 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #65234 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of 1851 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #65234, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does 1851 take to read?

About 248 minutes of reading across 597 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read 1851 section by section

How to work through 1851 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of 1851 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in 1851

Words and structures a reader meets early in 1851, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Nichol
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cracks
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Smiddy
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fodder
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.