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1851
1851

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of 1851 is here in full — 112 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
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“See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.
* * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?
Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”
_Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.
Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

1851

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of 1851 is here in full — 112 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
“See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.
Line 2
* * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?
Line 3
Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”
Line 4
_Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.
Line 5
Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

competition noun US /ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃən/

a business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

consequent adjective US /ˈkɑːnsəkwənt/

occurring with or following as a consequence

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

helter-skelter adjective US /ˌheltərˈskeltər/

lacking a visible order or organization

From this reading ““See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.”

immeasurably adverb US /ˌɪˈmeʒəræbli/

to an immeasurable degree; beyond measurement

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

organs noun US /ˈɔːrɡənz/

edible viscera of a butchered animal

From this reading “Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.””

producers noun US /prəˈduːsərz/

plural of “producer” — someone who manufactures something

From this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

swelter verb US /ˈsweltər/

be uncomfortably hot

From this reading ““See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.”

trumpets noun US /ˈtrʌmpəts/

pitcher plant of southeastern United States having erect yellow trumpet-shaped pitchers with wide mouths and erect lids

From this reading “Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.””

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

few years adjective + noun

In this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

in the habit preposition + article + noun counted as “in … habit”

In this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

brought into verb + particle counted as “bring into”

In this reading “Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.”

All words in this reading · 124

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

amang

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

artisticadjectiveUS /ɑːrˈtɪstɪk/

relating to or characteristic of art or artists

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

BangverbUS /bæŋ/

strike violently

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

beatverbUS /biːt/

come out better in a competition, race, or conflict

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

blythesome

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

brassnounUS /bræs/

an alloy of copper and zinc

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

Buss'd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

coman

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

competitionnounUS /ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃən/

a business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

consequentadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwənt/

occurring with or following as a consequence

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

CountriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

creaturesnounUS /ˈkriːtʃərz/

plural of “creature” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

crowdverbUS /kraʊd/

cause to herd, drive, or crowd together

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

demandnounUS /dɪˈmænd/

an urgent or peremptory request

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

dignitynounUS /ˈdɪɡnəti/

the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

drumsnounUS /drʌmz/

plural of “drum” — a musical percussion instrument; usually consists of a hollow cylinder with a membrane stretched across each end

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

drwoves

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

eastnounUS /iːst/

the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

ExhibitionnounUS /ˌeksəˈbɪʃən/

the act of exhibiting

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

expressionnounUS /ɪkˈspreʃən/

the feelings expressed on a person's face

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

FairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

fatiguenounUS /fəˈtiːɡ/

temporary loss of strength and energy resulting from hard physical or mental work

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

fitverbUS /fɪt/

be agreeable or acceptable to

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

flocksnounUS /flɑːks/

plural of “flock” — a church congregation guided by a pastor

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

forrat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

frae

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

geat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

GreatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

groupnounUS /ɡruːp/

any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

habitnounUS /ˈhæbət/

an established custom

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

heatnounUS /hiːt/

a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

helter-skelteradjectiveUS /ˌheltərˈskeltər/

lacking a visible order or organization

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

huzzain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

immeasurablyadverbUS /ˌɪˈmeʒəræbli/

to an immeasurable degree; beyond measurement

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

IndustrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

inferioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɪriər/

of or characteristic of low rank or importance

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

instrumentsnounUS /ˈɪnstrəmənts/

plural of “instrument” — a device that requires skill for proper use

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

ironnounUS /ˈaɪərn/

a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

kye

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

labournounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

labourers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

lookingnounUS /ˈlʊkɪŋ/

the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

loudadjectiveUS /laʊd/

characterized by or producing sound of great volume or intensity

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

machinesnounUS /məˈʃiːnz/

plural of “machine” — any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

mang

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

mereadjectiveUS /mɪr/

being nothing more than specified

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

mingledverbUS /ˈmɪŋɡəld/

past form of “mingle” — to bring or combine together or with something else

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

monny

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

muscularadjectiveUS /ˈmʌskjələr/

of or relating to or consisting of muscle

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

naigs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

nationaladjectiveUS /ˈnæʃənəl/

of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

noisenounUS /nɔɪz/

sound of any kind (especially unintelligible or dissonant sound)

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

onounUS /oʊ/

a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

organsnounUS /ˈɔːrɡənz/

edible viscera of a butchered animal

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

pleyin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

power-loom

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

press'd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

producersnounUS /prəˈduːsərz/

plural of “producer” — someone who manufactures something

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

qualitynounUS /ˈkwɑːləti/

an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

quartersnounUS /ˈkwɔːrtərz/

housing available for people to live in

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

rantin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

renderedverbUS /ˈrendərd/

past form of “render” — cause to become

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

restverbUS /rest/

not move; be in a resting position

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

Rosley

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

SeeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

sensenounUS /sens/

a general conscious awareness

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

skirlverb

make a shrill, wailing sound

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

spinning-jenny

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

sweetadjectiveUS /swiːt/

having or denoting the characteristic taste of sugar

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

swelterverbUS /ˈsweltər/

be uncomfortably hot

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

thnounUS /ˈtiːˈeɪtʃ/

the fifth day of the week; the fourth working day

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading _Rosley Fair._ The Great Exhibition of the Industry of all Countries is the first public national expression ever made in this country, as to the dignity and artistic quality of labour.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

troopnounUS /truːp/

a group of soldiers

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

trumpetsnounUS /ˈtrʌmpəts/

pitcher plant of southeastern United States having erect yellow trumpet-shaped pitchers with wide mouths and erect lids

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

westnounUS /west/

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

Whar

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whar trumpets skirl an’ drums beat loud, An’ organs sweet are pleyin.”

what's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

Wheyle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

Whistnoun

a card game for four players who form two partnerships; a pack of 52 cards is dealt and each side scores one point for each trick it takes in excess of six

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

Winoun

a midwestern state in north central United States

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

womennounUS /ˈwɪmən/

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading “See frae a’ quarters, east and west, I’ drwoves th’ country coman, Wheyle flocks o’ naigs an’ kye are press’d By flocks o’ men an’ women; Buss’d i’ their best the blythesome troop Bang forrat helter-skelter, Wheyle monny ’mang the mingled group O’ th’ geat war fit to swelter Wi’ heat that day.

workingadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːrkɪŋ/

actively engaged in paid work

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Our “working men,” until within the last few years, we have been in the habit of looking upon as mere labourers—as muscular machines—creatures with whom the spinning-jenny and the power-loom might be brought into competition, and whom the sense of fatigue, and consequent demand for rest, rendered immeasurably inferior “as producers,” to the instruments of brass and iron.

yonadjectiveUS /jɑːn/

distant but within sight (“yon” is dialectal)

From this reading * * * * * Whist! what’s yon noise amang yon crowd, Yon rantin an’ huzzain?

Chapter 13 of 1851 by Henry Mayhew holds 112 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of 1851 contain?

Chapter 13 holds 112 sentences of 1851, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of 1851 by Henry Mayhew exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 112 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of 1851?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 23 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading 1851

Common questions about reading 1851 by Henry Mayhew on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of 1851?

Yes. All 2985 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #65234 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of 1851 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #65234, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does 1851 take to read?

About 248 minutes of reading across 597 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read 1851 section by section

How to work through 1851 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of 1851 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in 1851

Words and structures a reader meets early in 1851, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Nichol
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cracks
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Smiddy
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fodder
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1851; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.