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1900
1900

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of 1900 is here in full — 42 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for 1900
Context Illustration Reading 1/8 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.
The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.
Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.
Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.
Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

1900

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of 1900 is here in full — 42 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.
Line 2
The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.
/ðə kəˈmɜːrʃəl ənd ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl buːm hæd spent ɪts fɔːrs ənd naʊ ðə ˈfraɪtfəl ˈiːvəlz ʌv ə dəˈbeɪst ˈkɜːrənsi ˈkʌpəld wɪð dɪˈmɔːrəlaɪzɪŋ ɪˈfekts ʌv ˈræmpənt pəˈtɜːrnəlɪzəm wɜːr ˈɡrædʒuːəli ˈstræŋɡəlɪŋ ðə lænd tuː deθ/
Line 3
Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.
/ˈkæpətəl ˈevər ˈtɪmɪd ənd dɪˈstrʌstfəl ɪn sʌtʃ taɪmz hɪd ˌɪtˈself ɪn seɪf dəˈpɑːzɪt vɔːlts ɔːr fled tuː ˈjʊrəp/
Line 4
Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.
Line 5
Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

debased adjective US /dəˈbeɪst/

mixed with impurities

From this reading “The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.”

demoralizing adjective US /dɪˈmɔːrəlaɪzɪŋ/

destructive of morale and self-reliance

From this reading “The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.”

distrustful adjective US /dɪˈstrʌstfəl/

having or showing distrust

From this reading “Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.”

paternalism noun US /pəˈtɜːrnəlɪzəm/

the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good

From this reading “The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.”

rampant adjective US /ˈræmpənt/

unrestrained and violent

From this reading “The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.”

rioting noun US /ˈraɪətɪŋ/

a state of disorder involving group violence

From this reading “Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.”

strangling noun US /ˈstræŋɡəlɪŋ/

the act of suffocating (someone) by constricting the windpipe

From this reading “The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.”

taxing adjective US /ˈtæksɪŋ/

not easily borne; wearing

From this reading “Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

local authorities adjective + noun

In this reading “Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.”

willing ears adjective + noun counted as “willing ear”

In this reading “Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.”

All words in this reading · 93

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

99

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

althoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

Anarchismnoun

a political theory favoring the abolition of governments

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

authoritiesnounUS /əˈθɔːrətiz/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

boomverbUS /buːm/

make a resonant sound, like artillery

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

brokeadjectiveUS /broʊk/

lacking funds

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

burningnounUS /ˈbɜːrnɪŋ/

the act of burning something

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

capacitiesnounUS /kəˈpæsətiz/

plural of “capacity” — capability to perform or produce

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

CapitalnounUS /ˈkæpətəl/

assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

citiesnounUS /ˈsɪtiz/

plural of “city” — a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

comingnounUS /ˈkʌmɪŋ/

the act of drawing spatially closer to something

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

commercialadjectiveUS /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

consequencenounUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəns/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

coupledadjectiveUS /ˈkʌpəld/

joined together especially in a pair or pairs

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

currencynounUS /ˈkɜːrənsi/

the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

dangerousadjectiveUS /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/

involving or causing danger or risk; liable to hurt or harm

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

debasedadjectiveUS /dəˈbeɪst/

mixed with impurities

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

defiantadjectiveUS /dɪˈfaɪənt/

boldly resisting authority or an opposing force

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

demoralizingadjectiveUS /dɪˈmɔːrəlaɪzɪŋ/

destructive of morale and self-reliance

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

depositverbUS /dəˈpɑːzɪt/

put, fix, force, or implant

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

direadjectiveUS /daɪr/

fraught with extreme danger; nearly hopeless

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

distrustfuladjectiveUS /dɪˈstrʌstfəl/

having or showing distrust

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

earsnounUS /ɪrz/

plural of “ear” — the sense organ for hearing and equilibrium

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

effectsnounUS /ɪˈfekts/

property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

EuropenounUS /ˈjʊrəp/

the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

evilsnounUS /ˈiːvəlz/

plural of “evil” — morally objectionable behavior

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

FatefuladjectiveUS /ˈfeɪtfəl/

having momentous consequences; of decisive importance

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

fledverbUS /fled/

inflected form of “flee” — run away quickly

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

frightfuladjectiveUS /ˈfraɪtfəl/

provoking horror

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

graduallyadverbUS /ˈɡrædʒuːəli/

in a gradual manner

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

hatrednounUS /ˈheɪtrəd/

the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

hidverbUS /hɪd/

inflected form of “hide” — prevent from being seen or discovered

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

industrialadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl/

of or relating to or resulting from industry

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

LabornounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

lackingadjectiveUS /ˈlækɪŋ/

inadequate in amount or degree

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

largeradjectiveUS /ˈlɑːrdʒər/

large or big relative to something else

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

localadjectiveUS /ˈloʊkəl/

relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

loudmouthed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

malevolencenoun

wishing evil to others

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

necessitiesnounUS /nəˈsesɪtiz/

plural of “necessity” — the condition of being essential or indispensable

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

NorthnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

paternalismnounUS /pəˈtɜːrnəlɪzəm/

the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

pourverbUS /pɔːr/

cause to run

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

pressedadjectiveUS /prest/

compacted by ironing

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

rampantadjectiveUS /ˈræmpənt/

unrestrained and violent

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

RepublicnounUS /riˈpʌblək/

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

riotingnounUS /ˈraɪətɪŋ/

a state of disorder involving group violence

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

safeadjectiveUS /seɪf/

free from danger or the risk of harm

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

seriousadjectiveUS /ˈsɪriəs/

concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

SocialismnounUS /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

spentadjectiveUS /spent/

depleted of energy, force, or strength

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

straitsnounUS /streɪts/

a bad or difficult situation or state of affairs

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

stranglingnounUS /ˈstræŋɡəlɪŋ/

the act of suffocating (someone) by constricting the windpipe

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

taxingadjectiveUS /ˈtæksɪŋ/

not easily borne; wearing

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

timidadjectiveUS /ˈtɪmɪd/

showing fear and lack of confidence

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

utmostadjectiveUS /ˈʌtmoʊst/

of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

vaultsnounUS /vɔːlts/

plural of “vault” — a burial chamber (usually underground)

From this reading Capital, ever timid and distrustful in such times, hid itself in safe deposit vaults, or fled to Europe.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Labor, although really hard pressed and lacking the very necessities of life, was loudmouthed and defiant.

WashingtonnounUS /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən/

the capital of the United States in the District of Columbia and a tourist mecca; George Washington commissioned Charles L'Enfant to lay out the city in 1791

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

willingadjectiveUS /ˈwɪlɪŋ/

disposed or inclined toward

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The commercial and industrial boom had spent its force, and now the frightful evils of a debased currency, coupled with demoralizing effects of rampant paternalism, were gradually strangling the land to death.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading Socialism and Anarchism found willing ears into which to pour their burning words of hatred and malevolence, and the consequence was that serious rioting broke out in the larger cities of the North, often taxing the capacities of the local authorities to the utmost.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading The “Fateful year of ’99” upon its coming in, found the Republic of Washington in dire and dangerous straits.

Chapter 8 of 1900 by Ingersoll Lockwood holds 42 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of 1900 contain?

Chapter 8 holds 42 sentences of 1900, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of 1900 by Ingersoll Lockwood exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 42 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of 1900?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading 1900

Common questions about reading 1900 by Ingersoll Lockwood on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of 1900?

Yes. All 396 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #60479 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of 1900 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #60479, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does 1900 take to read?

About 33 minutes of reading across 80 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read 1900 section by section

How to work through 1900 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of 1900 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in 1900

Words and structures a reader meets early in 1900, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Terrible
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1900; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Night
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1900; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1900; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Tuesday
A word that appears in the opening chapter of 1900; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.