Chapter XXII · Chapter 22

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was not until 1471 that the navigators unconsciously crossed the Equator, "into a new heaven and a new earth."

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

of or relating to the nations of Africa or their peoples

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

weapons considered collectively

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

aroused to action

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

achieved or reached

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

tough protective covering of the woody stems and roots of trees and other woody plants

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

cause to be bored

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

a strip of land projecting into a body of water

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

made for or formed by carving (“carven” is archaic or literary)

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

past form of “claim” — assert or affirm strongly; state to be true or existing

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

the shore of a sea or ocean

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

placed crosswise

From this reading It was not until 1471 that the navigators unconsciously crossed the Equator, "into a new heaven and a new earth."

plural of “cross” — a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

the specified day of the month

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

the act of discovering something

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading It was not until 1471 that the navigators unconsciously crossed the Equator, "into a new heaven and a new earth."

a feeling of excitement

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles

From this reading It was not until 1471 that the navigators unconsciously crossed the Equator, "into a new heaven and a new earth."

to the greatest distance in space or time (“farthest” is used more often than “furthest” in this physical sense)

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

set up or found

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea)

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading It was not until 1471 that the navigators unconsciously crossed the Equator, "into a new heaven and a new earth."

from this time forth; from now on

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

written (by handwriting, printing, engraving, or carving) on or in a surface

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

moving to the inside of something

From this reading It was not until 1471 that the navigators unconsciously crossed the Equator, "into a new heaven and a new earth."

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

the basic unit of money in Sierra Leone; equal to 100 cents

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

strongly marked; easily noticeable

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

a favorite saying of a sect or political group

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

the ship's officer in charge of navigation

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

plural of “navigator” — the ship's officer in charge of navigation

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

very recently

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

in an official role

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

relating to time long past

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

plural of “reach” — the limits within which something can be effective

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

plural of “sea” — a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

a range of mountains (usually with jagged peaks and irregular outline)

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

not in physical motion

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

a wide scarf worn about their shoulders by women

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

(especially of weather) affected or characterized by storms or commotion

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

in regular succession without gaps

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was not until 1471 that the navigators unconsciously crossed the Equator, "into a new heaven and a new earth."

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In 1462 they reached Sierra Leone, the farthest point attained by Hanno of olden days.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

in spite of the fact that

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

plural of “three” — the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.

plural of “two” — the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

without awareness

From this reading It was not until 1471 that the navigators unconsciously crossed the Equator, "into a new heaven and a new earth."

up to a particular time

From this reading It was not until 1471 that the navigators unconsciously crossed the Equator, "into a new heaven and a new earth."

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ REACHES THE STORMY CAPE But though Prince Henry was dead, the enthusiasm he had aroused among Portuguese navigators was not dead, and Portuguese ships still stole forth by twos and threes to search for treasure down the West African coast.

in the company of; together with

From this reading Portugal had officially claimed this "Kingdom of the Seas" as it was called, and henceforth stone crosses some six feet high, inscribed with the arms of Portugal, the name of the navigator, and the date of discovery, marked each newly found spot.

made or consisting of (entirely or in part) or employing wood

From this reading Each new headland was now taken in the name of Portugal: wooden crosses already marked each successive discovery, and many a tree near the coast bore the motto of Prince Henry carved roughly on its bark.