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A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2
A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 is here in full — 195 sentences across 39 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2
Context Illustration Reading 1/39 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
HISTORY OF THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH.
1.
+The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.
These endings are called +inflexions+.
Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 is here in full — 195 sentences across 39 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/39 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
HISTORY OF THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH.
/ˈhɪstəri ʌv ðə ˈɡræmər ʌv ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
Line 2
1.
Line 3
+The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.
Line 4
These endings are called +inflexions+.
Line 5
Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

endings noun US /ˈendɪŋz/

plural of “ending” — the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme)

From this reading “+The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.”

fifth noun US /fɪfθ/

a quantity of liquor equal to one fifth of a United States gallon

From this reading “+The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.”

grammar noun US /ˈɡræmər/

the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)

From this reading “HISTORY OF THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH.”

inflected adjective US /ˌɪnˈflektəd/

(of the voice) altered in tone or pitch

From this reading “Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.”

languages noun US /ˈlæŋɡwədʒəz/

plural of “language” — a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading “Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.”

oldest adjective US /ˈoʊldəst/

superlative of “old” — (used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading “+The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.”

synthesis noun US /ˈsɪnθəsəs/

the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)

From this reading “+The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.”

Synthetic adjective US /sɪnˈθetɪk/

not of natural origin; prepared or made artificially

From this reading “+The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.”

All words in this reading · 53

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

addingverbUS /ˈædɪŋ/

-ing form of “add” — make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

Anglo-Saxonnoun

a native or inhabitant of England prior to the Norman Conquest

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These endings are called +inflexions+.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading These endings are called +inflexions+.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

endingsnounUS /ˈendɪŋz/

plural of “ending” — the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme)

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

ENGLISHnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading HISTORY OF THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH.

fifthnounUS /fɪfθ/

a quantity of liquor equal to one fifth of a United States gallon

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

GermannounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

a person of German nationality

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

GRAMMARnounUS /ˈɡræmər/

the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)

From this reading HISTORY OF THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH.

GreeknounUS /ɡriːk/

the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

highlyadverbUS /ˈhaɪli/

to a high degree or extent; favorably or with much respect

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

HISTORYnounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading HISTORY OF THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

inflectedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈflektəd/

(of the voice) altered in tone or pitch

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

inflexions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These endings are called +inflexions+.

languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

languagesnounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒəz/

plural of “language” — a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

LatinadjectiveUS /ˈlætən/

of or relating to the ancient Latins or the Latin language

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading HISTORY OF THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH.

OldestadjectiveUS /ˈoʊldəst/

superlative of “old” — (used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

relationsnounUS /riˈleɪʃənz/

mutual dealings or connections or communications among persons or groups

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

showedverbUS /ʃoʊd/

past form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

synthesisnounUS /ˈsɪnθəsəs/

the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

SyntheticadjectiveUS /sɪnˈθetɪk/

not of natural origin; prepared or made artificially

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Latin and Greek are highly inflected languages; French and German have many more inflexions than modern English; and ancient English (or Anglo-Saxon) also possessed a large number of inflexions.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading HISTORY OF THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These endings are called +inflexions+.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading +The Oldest English Synthetic.+-- The oldest English, or Anglo-Saxon, that was brought over here in the fifth century, was a language that showed the relations of words to each other by adding different endings to words, or by +synthesis+.

Chapter 3 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 by J. M. D. (John Miller Dow) Meiklejohn holds 195 sentences, grouped into 39 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 contain?

Chapter 3 holds 195 sentences of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2, unabridged, divided into 39 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 by J. M. D. (John Miller Dow) Meiklejohn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 195 sentences, grouped into 39 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2?

Work through the 39 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #21665, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Periods
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Living
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Languages
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.