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A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2
A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 is here in full — 157 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/31 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH OF DIFFERENT PERIODS.
1.
+Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.
The difference is often startling.
And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 is here in full — 157 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/31 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH OF DIFFERENT PERIODS.
/ˈspesəmənz ʌv ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ʌv ˈdɪfərənt ˈpɪriədz/
Line 2
1.
Line 3
+Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.
Line 4
The difference is often startling.
/ðə ˈdɪfərəns ɪz ˈɔːfən ˈstɑːrtlɪŋ/
Line 5
And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.
/ənd jet ɪf wiː lʊk ˈkloʊsli æt ðə wɜːrdz ənd ðer dres wiː ʃæl moʊst ˈɔːfən faɪnd ðæt ðə wɜːrdz wɪtʃ lʊk soʊ streɪndʒ ɑːr ðə ˈveri wɜːrdz wɪð wɪtʃ wiː ɑːr moʊst fəˈmɪljər wɜːrdz ðæt wiː ɑːr ɪn ðə ˈhæbət ʌv ˈjuːzɪŋ ˈevəri deɪ ənd ðæt ɪt ɪz ðer dres əˈloʊn ðæt ɪz streɪndʒ ənd ˈæntəkweɪtɪd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

antiquated adjective US /ˈæntəkweɪtɪd/

so extremely old as seeming to belong to an earlier period

From this reading “And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.”

differs verb US /ˈdɪfərz/

third-person singular of “differ” — be different

From this reading “+Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.”

employs noun US /emˈplɔɪz/

plural of “employ” — the state of being employed or having a job

From this reading “+Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.”

grammar noun US /ˈɡræmər/

the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)

From this reading “+Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.”

periods noun US /ˈpɪriədz/

plural of “period” — an amount of time

From this reading “SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH OF DIFFERENT PERIODS.”

specimens noun US /ˈspesəmənz/

plural of “specimen” — an example regarded as typical of its class

From this reading “SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH OF DIFFERENT PERIODS.”

uses noun US /ˈjuːsəz/

plural of “use” — the act of using

From this reading “+Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.”

vocabulary noun US /voʊˈkæbjəleri/

a listing of the words used in some enterprise

From this reading “+Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.”

All words in this reading · 52

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

Anglo-Saxonnoun

a native or inhabitant of England prior to the Norman Conquest

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

antiquatedadjectiveUS /ˈæntəkweɪtɪd/

so extremely old as seeming to belong to an earlier period

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

closelyadverbUS /ˈkloʊsli/

in a close relation or position in time or space

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

differencenounUS /ˈdɪfərəns/

the quality of being unlike or dissimilar

From this reading The difference is often startling.

DIFFERENTadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH OF DIFFERENT PERIODS.

differsverbUS /ˈdɪfərz/

third-person singular of “differ” — be different

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

dressverbUS /dres/

put on clothes

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

employsnounUS /emˈplɔɪz/

plural of “employ” — the state of being employed or having a job

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

ENGLISHnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH OF DIFFERENT PERIODS.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

familiaradjectiveUS /fəˈmɪljər/

well known or easily recognized

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

GrammarnounUS /ˈɡræmər/

the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics)

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

habitnounUS /ˈhæbət/

an established custom

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

inflexions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The difference is often startling.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH OF DIFFERENT PERIODS.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading The difference is often startling.

oldestadjectiveUS /ˈoʊldəst/

superlative of “old” — (used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

PERIODSnounUS /ˈpɪriədz/

plural of “period” — an amount of time

From this reading SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH OF DIFFERENT PERIODS.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

SPECIMENSnounUS /ˈspesəmənz/

plural of “specimen” — an example regarded as typical of its class

From this reading SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH OF DIFFERENT PERIODS.

startlingadjectiveUS /ˈstɑːrtlɪŋ/

so remarkably different or sudden as to cause momentary shock or alarm

From this reading The difference is often startling.

strangeadjectiveUS /streɪndʒ/

being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

usesnounUS /ˈjuːsəz/

plural of “use” — the act of using

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

usingnounUS /ˈjuːzɪŋ/

an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly)

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

VocabularynounUS /voʊˈkæbjəleri/

a listing of the words used in some enterprise

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading +Vocabulary and Grammar.+-- The oldest English or Anglo-Saxon differs from modern English both in vocabulary and in grammar-- in the words it uses and in the inflexions it employs.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading And yet, if we look closely at the words and their dress, we shall most often find that the words which look so strange are the very words with which we are most familiar-- words that we are in the habit of using every day; and that it is their dress alone that is strange and antiquated.

Chapter 4 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 by J. M. D. (John Miller Dow) Meiklejohn holds 157 sentences, grouped into 32 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 contain?

Chapter 4 holds 157 sentences of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2, unabridged, divided into 32 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 by J. M. D. (John Miller Dow) Meiklejohn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 157 sentences, grouped into 32 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2?

Work through the 32 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 32 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #21665, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 367 minutes of reading across 883 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Periods
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Living
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Languages
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.