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A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2
A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 is here in full — 183 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/36 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
1.
The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.
A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.
Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed by the people for the people.”
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 is here in full — 183 sentences across 37 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/36 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
/ðə sɪkˈstiːnθ ˈsentʃəri/
Line 2
1.
Line 3
The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.
Line 4
A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.
/ə nuː ˈdaɪnəsti ðə haʊs ʌv ˈtuːdər sæt əˈpɑːn ðə θroʊn ʌv ˈɪŋɡlənd ənd wɪð ɪt ə nuː reɪn ʌv piːs ənd ˈɔːrdər ɪɡˈzɪstəd ɪn ðə ˈkʌntri fɔːr ðə ˈpaʊər ʌv ðə kɪŋ wɑːz ˈperəmaʊnt ənd ðə ˈpaʊər ʌv ðə ˈnoʊbəlz hæd bɪn ˈɡrædʒuːəli dɪˈstrɔɪd ɪn ðə ˈnuːmərəs ˈbætəlz ʌv ðə fɪfˈtiːnθ ˈsentʃəri/
Line 5
Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composedby the people for the people.”
/laɪk ðə fɪfˈtiːnθ ðɪs ˈsentʃəri ˈɔːlsoʊ ɪz ˈfeɪməs fɔːr ɪts ˈbælədz ðə ˈɔːθərz ʌv wɪtʃ ɑːr nɑːt noʊn bʌt wɪtʃ siːm tuː hæv bɪn kəmˈpoʊzd baɪ ðə ˈpiːpəl fɔːr ðə ˈpiːpəl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ballads noun US /ˈbælədz/

plural of “ballad” — a narrative song with a recurrent refrain

From this reading “Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.””

battles noun US /ˈbætəlz/

plural of “battle” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading “A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.”

dynasty noun US /ˈdaɪnəsti/

a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

From this reading “A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.”

fifteenth adjective US /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading “A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.”

nobles noun US /ˈnoʊbəlz/

plural of “noble” — a titled peer of the realm

From this reading “A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.”

paramount adjective US /ˈperəmaʊnt/

having superior power and influence

From this reading “A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.”

sixteenth adjective US /sɪkˈstiːnθ/

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading “THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.”

Tudor noun US /ˈtuːdər/

an English dynasty descended from Henry Tudor; Tudor monarchs ruled from Henry VII to Elizabeth I (from 1485 to 1603)

From this reading “A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1.

1485

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

authorsnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

balladsnounUS /ˈbælədz/

plural of “ballad” — a narrative song with a recurrent refrain

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

battlesnounUS /ˈbætəlz/

plural of “battle” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

Bosworth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

CENTURYnounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

composedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpoʊzd/

serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

destroyedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstrɔɪd/

spoiled or ruined or demolished

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

dynastynounUS /ˈdaɪnəsti/

a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

endedadjectiveUS /ˈendəd/

having come or been brought to a conclusion

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

existedverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪstəd/

past form of “exist” — have an existence, be extant

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

famousadjectiveUS /ˈfeɪməs/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

FieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

fifteenthadjectiveUS /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

graduallyadverbUS /ˈɡrædʒuːəli/

in a gradual manner

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

HousenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

LikeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

noblesnounUS /ˈnoʊbəlz/

plural of “noble” — a titled peer of the realm

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

paramountadjectiveUS /ˈperəmaʊnt/

having superior power and influence

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

reignverbUS /reɪn/

have sovereign power

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

RosesnounUS /ˈroʊzɪz/

plural of “rose” — any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

satnounUS /sæt/

the seventh and last day of the week; observed as the Sabbath by Jews and some Christians

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

SIXTEENTHadjectiveUS /sɪkˈstiːnθ/

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

thronenounUS /θroʊn/

the chair of state for a monarch, bishop, etc.

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

TudornounUS /ˈtuːdər/

an English dynasty descended from Henry Tudor; Tudor monarchs ruled from Henry VII to Elizabeth I (from 1485 to 1603)

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

victorynounUS /ˈvɪktəri/

a successful ending of a struggle or contest

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

WarsnounUS /wɔːrz/

plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A new dynasty-- the House of Tudor-- sat upon the throne of England; and with it a new reign of peace and order existed in the country, for the power of the king was paramount, and the power of the nobles had been gradually destroyed in the numerous battles of the fifteenth century.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Like the fifteenth, this century also is famous for its ballads, the authors of which are not known, but which seem to have been composed “by the people for the people.”

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Wars of the Roses ended in 1485, with the victory of Bosworth Field.

Chapter 9 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 by J. M. D. (John Miller Dow) Meiklejohn holds 183 sentences, grouped into 37 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 contain?

Chapter 9 holds 183 sentences of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2, unabridged, divided into 37 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 by J. M. D. (John Miller Dow) Meiklejohn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 183 sentences, grouped into 37 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2?

Work through the 37 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 37 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #21665, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Periods
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