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A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2
A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Chapter XIV · Chapter 14

Chapter 14 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 is here in full — 769 sentences across 154 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2
Context Illustration Reading 1/153 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
1.
+Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.
Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.
Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Chapter XIV · Chapter 14

Chapter 14 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 is here in full — 769 sentences across 154 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/153 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
/ðə ˈsekənd hæf ʌv ðə ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ ˈsentʃəri/
Line 2
1.
Line 3
+Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.
/ˈsaɪəns ðə ˈsekənd hæf ʌv ðə ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ ˈsentʃəri ɪz dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt baɪ ðə ɪˈnɔːrməs ədˈvæns meɪd ɪn ˈsaɪəns ənd ɪn ðə ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən ʌv ˈsaɪəns tuː ðə ˈɪndəstriz ənd ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃənz ʌv ðə ˈpiːpəl/
Line 4
Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.
/ˈkeməstri ənd ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti hæv mɔːr əˈspeʃli meɪd ɪˈnɔːrməs straɪdz/
Line 5
Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.
/wɪˈðɪn ðə læst ˈtwenti jɪrz ˈkeməstri hæz riˈmeɪd ˌɪtˈself ˈɪntuː ə nuː ˈsaɪəns ənd ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti hæz ˈteɪkən ə ˈveri lɑːrdʒ pɑːrt ʌv ðə ˈleɪbər ʌv ˈmænˈkaɪnd əˈpɑːn ˌɪtˈself/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

application noun US /ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/

the act of bringing something to bear; using it for a particular purpose

From this reading “+Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.”

chemistry noun US /ˈkeməstri/

the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions

From this reading “Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.”

electricity noun US /ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti/

a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons

From this reading “Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.”

industries noun US /ˈɪndəstriz/

plural of “industry” — the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading “+Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.”

nineteenth adjective US /ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the eighteenth in position

From this reading “THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.”

occupations noun US /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃənz/

plural of “occupation” — the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading “+Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.”

remade verb US /riˈmeɪd/

inflected form of “remake” — make new

From this reading “Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.”

strides noun US /straɪdz/

plural of “stride” — a step in walking or running

From this reading “Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.”

All words in this reading · 44

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

advanceverbUS /ədˈvæns/

move forward, also in the metaphorical sense

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

applicationnounUS /ˌæpləˈkeɪʃən/

the act of bringing something to bear; using it for a particular purpose

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

CENTURYnounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

ChemistrynounUS /ˈkeməstri/

the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions

From this reading Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

electricitynounUS /ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti/

a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons

From this reading Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.

enormousadjectiveUS /ɪˈnɔːrməs/

extraordinarily large in size or extent or amount or power or degree

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

especiallyadverbUS /əˈspeʃli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.

HALFadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

industriesnounUS /ˈɪndəstriz/

plural of “industry” — the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

labournounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

NINETEENTHadjectiveUS /ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the eighteenth in position

From this reading THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

occupationsnounUS /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃənz/

plural of “occupation” — the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

remadeverbUS /riˈmeɪd/

inflected form of “remake” — make new

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

SciencenounUS /ˈsaɪəns/

a particular branch of scientific knowledge

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

SECONDnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

stridesnounUS /straɪdz/

plural of “stride” — a step in walking or running

From this reading Chemistry and electricity have more especially made enormous strides.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading +Science.+-- The second half of the nineteenth century is distinguished by the enormous advance made in science, and in the application of science to the industries and occupations of the people.

twentynounUS /ˈtwenti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

WithinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Within the last twenty years, chemistry has remade itself into a new science; and electricity has taken a very large part of the labour of mankind upon itself.

Chapter 14 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 by J. M. D. (John Miller Dow) Meiklejohn holds 769 sentences, grouped into 154 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 14 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 contain?

Chapter 14 holds 769 sentences of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2, unabridged, divided into 154 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 14 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 by J. M. D. (John Miller Dow) Meiklejohn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 769 sentences, grouped into 154 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 14 of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2?

Work through the 154 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 154 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 14 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 14 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2 by J. M. D. (John Miller Dow) Meiklejohn on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 4412 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #21665 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #21665, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 367 minutes of reading across 883 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Periods
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Brief History of the English Language — Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
English
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Living
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Languages
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