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A Cardinal Sin
A Cardinal Sin

Chapter XII

Cover illustration for A Cardinal Sin
Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:
"MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."
"You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.
"I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.
"And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Cardinal Sin

Chapter XII

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:
Line 2
"MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."
Line 3
"You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.
Line 4
"I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.
Line 5
"And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Avarice noun US /ˈæv.ər.ɪs/

Extreme greed for wealth or material gain.

From this reading “"And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:”

Brought noun US /ˈbrought/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “"And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.”

Duty noun US /ˈduːti/

a responsibility that must be carried out

From this reading “"And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.”

Fortune noun US /ˈfortune/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “"You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.”

Have auxiliary verb US /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading “"MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."”

However adverb US /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading “"And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.”

Poor noun US /poor/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “"You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.”

Shall modal verb US /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading “"MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."”

These determiner US /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading “The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:”

Took noun US /took/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “"And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.”

Until preposition US /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading “"And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.”

All words in this reading · 87

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

accumulated

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

always

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

attempt

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

augmenting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

avaricenounUS /ˈæv.ər.ɪs/

Extreme greed for wealth or material gain.

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

becomes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

believed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

BELOVED

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

birth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

broughtnounUS /ˈbrought/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

ceased

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

developing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

dowry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

dutynounUS /ˈduːti/

a responsibility that must be carried out

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

economy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

excuse

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

far

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

father

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

fault

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

finally

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

foresight

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

fortunenounUS /ˈfortune/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

glory

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

immense

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

leave

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

lines

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

live

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

love

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

miserly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

moment

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

months

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

mother

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

parsimony

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

patrimony

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

poornounUS /poor/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading "You have always believed me poor; but I leave you an immense fortune accumulated by my _avarice_.

possession

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

previous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

proud

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "I have been _miserly_, and do not attempt to excuse my fault; far from it, I am proud of it and glory in it.

read

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

robbed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

sacred

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

sentiment

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

slowly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

SON

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

terms

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

testament

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

then

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

tooknounUS /took/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

two

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

unmindful

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

UntilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

why

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

wife

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.

written

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The testament had been written two months previous and was in these terms:

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "MY BELOVED SON:" "When you read these lines I shall have ceased to live."

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "And this is why: "Until the day of your birth, which robbed me of your mother, I was unmindful of augmenting my patrimony and the dowry brought me by my wife; the moment I had a son, however, that sentiment of foresight, which becomes a sacred duty to a father, took possession of me, developing slowly into a love of economy, then into parsimony, and finally into avarice.