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A Child's History of England
A Child's History of England

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of A Child's History of England is here in full — 116 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/23 · 5 lines
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ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.
But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.
He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.
At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.
Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Child's History of England

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of A Child's History of England is here in full — 116 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/23 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.
Line 2
But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.
/bʌt ðə fɜːrst wɜːrk hiː hæd tuː duː wɑːz tuː ˈkɑːŋkər ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈθɜːroʊli ənd ðæt æz juː noʊ baɪ ðɪs taɪm wɑːz hɑːrd wɜːrk fɔːr ˈeni mæn/
Line 3
He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.
/hiː ˈrævɪdʒd ˈsevrəl ˈkaʊntiz hiː bɜːrnd ənd ˈplʌndərd ˈmeni taʊnz hiː leɪd weɪst skɔːrz əˈpɑːn skɔːrz ʌv maɪlz ʌv ˈplezənt ˈkʌntri hiː dɪˈstrɔɪd ˌɪˈnuːmərəbəl lɪvz/
Line 4
At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.
Line 5
Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Canterbury noun US /ˈkæntərberi/

a town in Kent in southeastern England; site of the cathedral where Thomas a Becket was martyred in 1170; seat of the archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church

From this reading “At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.”

counties noun US /ˈkaʊntiz/

plural of “county” — (United Kingdom) a region created by territorial division for the purpose of local government

From this reading “He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.”

Edgar noun US /ˈedɡər/

the younger brother of Edwy who became king of Northumbria when it renounced Edwy; on Edwy's death he succeeded to the throne of England (944-975)

From this reading “Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.”

Ironside noun US /ˈaɪərnsaɪd/

a man of great strength or bravery

From this reading “Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.”

overgrown adjective US /ˌoʊvərˈɡroʊn/

covered with growing plants

From this reading “ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.”

plundered adjective US /ˈplʌndərd/

wrongfully emptied or stripped of anything of value

From this reading “He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.”

ravaged adjective US /ˈrævɪdʒd/

having been robbed and destroyed by force and violence

From this reading “He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.”

representatives noun US /ˌreprəˈzentətɪvz/

plural of “representative” — a person who represents others

From this reading “At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.”

All words in this reading · 99

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

abbeynounUS /ˈæbi/

a church associated with a monastery or convent

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

afterwardsadverbUS /ˈæftərwərdz/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

ArchbishopnounUS /ˈɑːrtʃˈbɪʃəp/

a bishop of highest rank

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

BattlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

braveadjectiveUS /breɪv/

possessing or displaying courage; able to face and deal with danger or fear without flinching

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

burnedadjectiveUS /bɜːrnd/

treated by heating to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

campnounUS /kæmp/

temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

CanterburynounUS /ˈkæntərberi/

a town in Kent in southeastern England; site of the cathedral where Thomas a Becket was martyred in 1170; seat of the archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

clergynounUS /ˈklɜːrdʒi/

in Christianity, clergymen collectively (as distinguished from the laity)

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

conquerverbUS /ˈkɑːŋkər/

bring under control by force or authority

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

CONQUERORnounUS /ˈkɑːŋkərər/

someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

countiesnounUS /ˈkaʊntiz/

plural of “county” — (United Kingdom) a region created by territorial division for the purpose of local government

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

destroyedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstrɔɪd/

spoiled or ruined or demolished

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

EdgarnounUS /ˈedɡər/

the younger brother of Edwy who became king of Northumbria when it renounced Edwy; on Edwy's death he succeeded to the throne of England (944-975)

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

Edmund

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

ENGLANDnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

fellverbUS /fel/

cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

FIRSTadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

foundedverbUS /ˈfaʊndɪd/

past form of “found” — set up or found

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

greyadjectiveUS /ɡreɪ/

of an achromatic color of any lightness intermediate between the extremes of white and black

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

Harold

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

innumerableadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈnuːmərəbəl/

too numerous to be counted

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

insignificantadjectiveUS /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnjɪfɪkənt/

signifying nothing

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

IronsidenounUS /ˈaɪərnsaɪd/

a man of great strength or bravery

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

ivynounUS /ˈaɪvi/

Old World vine with lobed evergreen leaves and black berrylike fruits

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

lengthnounUS /leŋkθ/

the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

livesnounUS /lɪvz/

plural of “life” — a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

milesnounUS /maɪlz/

plural of “mile” — a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

NORMANnounUS /ˈnɔːrmən/

United States operatic soprano (born in 1945)

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

overgrownadjectiveUS /ˌoʊvərˈɡroʊn/

covered with growing plants

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

pleasantadjectiveUS /ˈplezənt/

affording pleasure; being in harmony with your taste or likings

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

plunderedadjectiveUS /ˈplʌndərd/

wrongfully emptied or stripped of anything of value

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

proclaimedadjectiveUS /proʊˈkleɪmd/

declared publicly; made widely known

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

ravagedadjectiveUS /ˈrævɪdʒd/

having been robbed and destroyed by force and violence

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

representativesnounUS /ˌreprəˈzentətɪvz/

plural of “representative” — a person who represents others

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

richadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

ruinnounUS /ˈruːən/

an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

scoresnounUS /skɔːrz/

a large number or amount

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading Edgar, the insignificant son of Edmund Ironside, was proclaimed King by others, but nothing came of it.

splendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

Stigand

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

submittedverbUS /səbˈmɪtɪd/

inflected form of “submit” — refer for judgment or consideration

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

thoroughlyadverbUS /ˈθɜːroʊli/

in an exhaustive manner

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

townsnounUS /taʊnz/

plural of “town” — an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

troubledadjectiveUS /ˈtrʌbəld/

characterized by or indicative of distress or affliction or danger or need

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

UNDERprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

UponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

wastenounUS /weɪst/

any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted

From this reading He ravaged several counties; he burned and plundered many towns; he laid waste scores upon scores of miles of pleasant country; he destroyed innumerable lives.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading At length Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, with other representatives of the clergy and the people, went to his camp, and submitted to him.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

WILLIAM

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE FIRST, THE NORMAN CONQUEROR Upon the ground where the brave Harold fell, William the Norman afterwards founded an abbey, which, under the name of Battle Abbey, was a rich and splendid place through many a troubled year, though now it is a grey ruin overgrown with ivy.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading But the first work he had to do, was to conquer the English thoroughly; and that, as you know by this time, was hard work for any man.

Chapter 8 of A Child's History of England by Charles Dickens holds 116 sentences, grouped into 24 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of A Child's History of England contain?

Chapter 8 holds 116 sentences of A Child's History of England, unabridged, divided into 24 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of A Child's History of England by Charles Dickens exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 116 sentences, grouped into 24 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of A Child's History of England?

Work through the 24 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 24 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Child's History of England

Common questions about reading A Child's History of England by Charles Dickens on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Child's History of England?

Yes. All 5406 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #699 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Child's History of England is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #699, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Child's History of England take to read?

About 450 minutes of reading across 1082 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Child's History of England section by section

How to work through A Child's History of England section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 37 chapters of A Child's History of England to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Child's History of England

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Child's History of England, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

World
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Child's History of England; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Left-hand
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Child's History of England; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Upper
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Child's History of England; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Corner
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Child's History of England; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.