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A Child's History of the World
A Child's History of the World

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of A Child's History of the World is here in full — 470 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/94 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.
They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.
And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.
But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.
Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Child's History of the World

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of A Child's History of the World is here in full — 470 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/94 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.
/ˌɪnˈdiːd frʌm maɪ dɪˈskrɪpʃən juː tuː meɪ θɪŋk sʌtʃ ˈbɪldɪŋz prɑːpt ʌp baɪ ˈflaɪɪŋ ˈbʌtrəsəz mʌst hæv bɪn ˈtɑːtərɪŋ ənd ˈʌɡli bʌt ðeɪ wɜːr ˈniːðər/
Line 2
They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.
Line 3
And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.
/ənd ˌɔːlˈðoʊ ðer wɜːr ˌoʊldˈfæʃənd ˈpiːpəl huː θɔːt noʊ ˈbɪldɪŋ wɑːz ˈbjuːtəfəl ðæt wɑːz nɑːt bɪlt ɪn ðə ˈroʊmən ɔːr ɡriːk staɪl wiː hæv kʌm tuː ædˈmaɪr ðə ɡreɪt ˈbjuːti ʌv ðiːz soʊ kɔːld ˈɡɑːθɪk ˈbɪldɪŋz/
Line 4
But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.
/bʌt ðer wɜːr ˈʌðər weɪz ɪn wɪtʃ ðə ˈɡɑːθɪk ˈtʃɜːrtʃɪz wɜːr ˈdɪfərənt frʌm ðə ɡriːk ənd ˈroʊmən ˈtempəlz/
Line 5
Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.
/bɪˈfɔːr ə ˈɡɑːθɪk tʃɜːrtʃ wɑːz ˈstɑːrtɪd ə ˈveri lɑːrdʒ krɔːs wɑːz fɜːrst drɔːn ɑːn ðə ɡraʊnd wɪð ɪts hed təˈwɔːrdz ðə iːst bɪˈkɔːz ðæt ɪz ðə dərˈekʃən ʌv dʒərˈuːsələm/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

buttresses noun US /ˈbʌtrəsəz/

plural of “buttress” — a support usually of stone or brick; supports the wall of a building

From this reading “Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.”

churches noun US /ˈtʃɜːrtʃɪz/

plural of “church” — one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading “But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.”

collapse noun US /kəˈlæps/

an abrupt failure of function or complete physical exhaustion

From this reading “They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.”

Gothic adjective US /ˈɡɑːθɪk/

characteristic of the style of type commonly used for printing German

From this reading “And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.”

Jerusalem noun US /dʒərˈuːsələm/

capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed)

From this reading “Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.”

propped verb US /prɑːpt/

inflected form of “prop” — support by placing against something solid or rigid

From this reading “Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.”

rickety adjective US /ˈrɪkəti/

inclined to shake as from weakness or defect

From this reading “They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.”

tottering adjective US /ˈtɑːtərɪŋ/

unsteady in gait as from infirmity or old age

From this reading “Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

towards the east preposition + article + noun counted as “towards … east”

In this reading “Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.”

on the ground preposition + article + noun counted as “on … ground”

In this reading “Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.”

other ways adjective + noun

In this reading “But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.”

great beauty adjective + noun

In this reading “And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

admireverbUS /ædˈmaɪr/

feel admiration for

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

althoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

beautifuladjectiveUS /ˈbjuːtəfəl/

delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

beautynounUS /ˈbjuːti/

the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

buildingnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋ/

a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

buildingsnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋz/

plural of “building” — a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

builtadjectiveUS /bɪlt/

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

buttressesnounUS /ˈbʌtrəsəz/

plural of “buttress” — a support usually of stone or brick; supports the wall of a building

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

carefullyadverbUS /ˈkerfəli/

taking care or paying attention

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

churchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

churchesnounUS /ˈtʃɜːrtʃɪz/

plural of “church” — one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.

collapsenounUS /kəˈlæps/

an abrupt failure of function or complete physical exhaustion

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

crossverbUS /krɔːs/

travel across or pass over

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

descriptionnounUS /dɪˈskrɪpʃən/

a statement that represents something in words

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.

directionnounUS /dərˈekʃən/

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

drawnadjectiveUS /drɔːn/

showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

eastnounUS /iːst/

the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

flyingadjectiveUS /ˈflaɪɪŋ/

moving swiftly

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

GothicadjectiveUS /ˈɡɑːθɪk/

characteristic of the style of type commonly used for printing German

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

GreeknounUS /ɡriːk/

the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

IndeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

JerusalemnounUS /dʒərˈuːsələm/

capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed)

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

largestadjectiveUS /ˈlɑːrdʒəst/

superlative of “large” — above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

occasionallyadverbUS /əˈkeɪʒənəli/

sporadically and infrequently

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

old-fashionedadjectiveUS /ˌoʊldˈfæʃənd/

out of fashion

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

proppedverbUS /prɑːpt/

inflected form of “prop” — support by placing against something solid or rigid

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

ricketyadjectiveUS /ˈrɪkəti/

inclined to shake as from weakness or defect

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

standingadjectiveUS /ˈstændɪŋ/

having a supporting base

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

startedverbUS /ˈstɑːrtɪd/

past form of “start” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

stylenounUS /staɪl/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

templesnounUS /ˈtempəlz/

plural of “temple” — place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity

From this reading But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

thinkverbUS /θɪŋk/

judge or regard; look upon; judge

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

to-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

totteringadjectiveUS /ˈtɑːtərɪŋ/

unsteady in gait as from infirmity or old age

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

uglyadjectiveUS /ˈʌɡli/

displeasing to the senses

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading They were not rickety, for though occasionally one that was not carefully built did collapse, the largest and best are still standing to-day.

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading But there were other ways in which the Gothic churches were different from the Greek and Roman temples.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading And although there were old-fashioned people who thought no building was beautiful that was not built in the Roman or Greek style, we have come to admire the great beauty of these so called Gothic buildings.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Before a Gothic church was started, a very large cross was first drawn on the ground with its head towards the east, because that is the direction of Jerusalem.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Indeed, from my description you, too, may think such buildings propped up by flying buttresses must have been tottering and ugly, but they were neither.

Chapter 8 of A Child's History of the World by V. M. (Virgil Mores) Hillyer holds 470 sentences, grouped into 94 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of A Child's History of the World contain?

Chapter 8 holds 470 sentences of A Child's History of the World, unabridged, divided into 94 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of A Child's History of the World by V. M. (Virgil Mores) Hillyer exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 470 sentences, grouped into 94 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of A Child's History of the World?

Work through the 94 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 94 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Child's History of the World

Common questions about reading A Child's History of the World by V. M. (Virgil Mores) Hillyer on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Child's History of the World?

Yes. All 4831 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #67149 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Child's History of the World is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #67149, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Child's History of the World take to read?

About 402 minutes of reading across 967 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Child's History of the World section by section

How to work through A Child's History of the World section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 11 chapters of A Child's History of the World to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Child's History of the World

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Child's History of the World, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Master
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Child's History of the World; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Calvert
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Child's History of the World; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
School
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Child's History of the World; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Child's History of the World; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.