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A Commentary
A Commentary

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of A Commentary is here in full — 428 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/85 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
_The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.
_THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).
THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.
His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.
And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Commentary

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of A Commentary is here in full — 428 sentences across 86 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/85 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.
Line 2
_THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).
Line 3
THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.
Line 4
His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.
/hɪz braʊn feɪs θruː huːz ˈleðəri skɪn waɪt ˈbrɪsəlz ʃoʊd hæd ə ˈsɜːrtən ˈdɪɡnəti soʊ hæd hɪz skwer ˈʌpstændɪŋ ˈfɪɡjər/
Line 5
And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bristles noun US /ˈbrɪsəlz/

plural of “bristle” — a stiff fiber (coarse hair or filament); natural or synthetic

From this reading “His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.”

commentary noun US /ˈkɑːmənteri/

a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material

From this reading “_THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).”

editors noun US /ˈedɪtərz/

plural of “editor” — a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine)

From this reading “THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.”

galsworthy noun US /ˈɡælzwɜːrði/

English novelist (1867-1933)

From this reading “_The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.”

leathery adjective US /ˈleðəri/

resembling or made to resemble leather; tough but pliable

From this reading “His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.”

reviews noun US /riˈvjuːz/

plural of “review” — a new appraisal or evaluation

From this reading “THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.”

separately adverb US /ˈsepərətli/

apart from others

upstanding adjective US /ˈʌpstændɪŋ/

meriting respect or esteem

From this reading “His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

red flag noun + noun

a flag that serves as a warning signal

In this reading “THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.”

grey eyes adjective + noun

In this reading “And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.”

old man adjective + noun

a man who is very old

In this reading “THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.”

certain dignity adjective + noun

In this reading “His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.”

small volumes adjective + noun counted as “small volume”

In this reading “_THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).”

brown face noun + noun

In this reading “His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.”

APPEARED IN verb + particle counted as “appear in”

In this reading “_THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).”

All words in this reading · 98

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

AgenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

AlbanynounUS /ˈɔːlbəni/

state capital of New York; located in eastern New York State on the west bank of the Hudson river

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

ALLadjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

APPEAREDverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

armnounUS /ɑːrm/

a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

AUTHORnounUS /ˈɔːθər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

bristlesnounUS /ˈbrɪsəlz/

plural of “bristle” — a stiff fiber (coarse hair or filament); natural or synthetic

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

brownnounUS /braʊn/

an orange of low brightness and saturation

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

BYprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

CHARLESnounUS /tʃɑːrlz/

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

COMMENTARYnounUS /ˈkɑːmənteri/

a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

dangersnounUS /ˈdeɪndʒərz/

plural of “danger” — the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

dignitynounUS /ˈdɪɡnəti/

the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

EDITIONnounUS /əˈdɪʃən/

the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

EDITORSnounUS /ˈedɪtərz/

plural of “editor” — a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine)

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

figurenounUS /ˈfɪɡjər/

a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

flagnounUS /flæɡ/

emblem usually consisting of a rectangular piece of cloth of distinctive design

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

GALSWORTHYnounUS /ˈɡælzwɜːrði/

English novelist (1867-1933)

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

gazedverbUS /ɡeɪzd/

past form of “gaze” — look at with fixed eyes

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

greyadjectiveUS /ɡreɪ/

of an achromatic color of any lightness intermediate between the extremes of white and black

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

GROVEnounUS /ɡroʊv/

a small growth of trees without underbrush

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

HAVEauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

intentnessnoun

the quality of being intent and concentrated

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

issuedverbUS /ˈɪʃuːd/

past form of “issue” — prepare and issue for public distribution or sale

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

JOHNnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

JUSTICEnounUS /ˈdʒʌstəs/

the quality of being just or fair

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

leatheryadjectiveUS /ˈleðəri/

resembling or made to resemble leather; tough but pliable

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

LONDONnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

NationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

NEWadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

NovelsnounUS /ˈnɑːvəlz/

plural of “novel” — an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

OTHERadjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

PlaysnounUS /pleɪz/

plural of “play” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

POWERnounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

pupilsnounUS /ˈpjuːpəlz/

plural of “pupil” — a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

queeradjectiveUS /kwɪr/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

rednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

remainingadjectiveUS /rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ/

not used up

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

ReviewnounUS /ˌriːˈvjuː/

a new appraisal or evaluation

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

REVIEWSnounUS /riˈvjuːz/

plural of “review” — a new appraisal or evaluation

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

SCRIBNER'S

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

separatelyadverbUS /ˈsepərətli/

apart from others

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

showedverbUS /ʃoʊd/

past form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

SKETCHESnounUS /ˈsketʃəz/

plural of “sketch” — preliminary drawing for later elaboration

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

skinnounUS /skɪn/

a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

SONSnounUS /sʌnz/

plural of “son” — a male human offspring

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

squareverbUS /skwer/

make square

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

steam-roller

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

StoriesnounUS /ˈstɔːriz/

plural of “story” — a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

StudiesnounUS /ˈstʌdiz/

plural of “study” — a detailed critical inspection

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

THANKSnounUS /θæŋks/

an acknowledgment of appreciation

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

THESEdeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

THISdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

tinyadjectiveUS /ˈtaɪni/

very small

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

upstandingadjectiveUS /ˈʌpstændɪŋ/

meriting respect or esteem

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

VOL

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _The above Plays issued separately_ PLAYS BY JOHN GALSWORTHY--1 VOL.

VOLUMEnounUS /ˈvɑːljuːm/

the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

volumesnounUS /ˈvɑːljuːmz/

plural of “volume” — the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

warnverbUS /wɔːrn/

notify of danger, potential harm, or risk

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading His brown face, through whose leathery skin white bristles showed, had a certain dignity; so had his square upstanding figure.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading THE AUTHOR THANKS THE EDITORS OF THESE REVIEWS The old man whose call in life was to warn the public against the dangers of the steam-roller held a small red flag in his remaining hand, for he had lost one arm.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

YORKnounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading _THE GROVE EDITION_ _The Novels, Stories, and Studies of John Galsworthy in small volumes_ A COMMENTARY BY JOHN GALSWORTHY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS “JUSTICE” APPEARED IN THE _Albany Review_ (LONDON); “POWER” IN THE _New Age_; ALL THE OTHER SKETCHES IN THIS VOLUME HAVE APPEARED IN _The Nation_ (LONDON).

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading And his light grey eyes, with tiny pupils, gazed with a queer intentness, as if he saw beyond you.

Chapter 1 of A Commentary by John Galsworthy holds 428 sentences, grouped into 86 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of A Commentary contain?

Chapter 1 holds 428 sentences of A Commentary, unabridged, divided into 86 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of A Commentary by John Galsworthy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 428 sentences, grouped into 86 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of A Commentary?

Work through the 86 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 86 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Commentary

Common questions about reading A Commentary by John Galsworthy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Commentary?

Yes. All 1749 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #68242 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Commentary is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #68242, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Commentary take to read?

About 145 minutes of reading across 350 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Commentary section by section

How to work through A Commentary section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 4 chapters of A Commentary to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Commentary

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Commentary, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Above
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Commentary; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Plays
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Commentary; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Issued
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Commentary; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Separately
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Commentary; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.