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A Family of Noblemen
A Family of Noblemen

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of A Family of Noblemen is here in full — 190 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/38 · 5 lines
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It is the middle of December.
The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.
The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.
There is not the trace of a path to the Golovliovo estate.
Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Family of Noblemen

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of A Family of Noblemen is here in full — 190 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/38 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It is the middle of December.
/ɪt ɪz ðə ˈmɪdəl ʌv dɪˈsembər/
Line 2
The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.
Line 3
The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.
Line 4
There is not the trace of a path to the Golovliovo estate.
Line 5
Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

barred adjective US /bɑːrd/

preventing entry or exit or a course of action

From this reading “Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.”

carts noun US /kɑːrts/

plural of “cart” — a heavy open wagon usually having two wheels and drawn by an animal

From this reading “The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.”

communicate verb US /kəˈmjuːnəkeɪt/

transmit information

From this reading “Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.”

domestics noun US /dəˈmestɪks/

plural of “domestic” — a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household

From this reading “Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.”

gateways noun US /ˈɡeɪtweɪz/

plural of “gateway” — an entrance that can be closed by a gate

From this reading “Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.”

stretches noun US /ˈstretʃəz/

plural of “stretch” — a large and unbroken expanse or distance

From this reading “The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.”

unaccustomed adjective US /ˌʌnəˈkʌstəmd/

unusual or unfamiliar

From this reading “Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.”

wade verb US /weɪd/

walk (through relatively shallow water)

From this reading “The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

outer world adjective + noun

In this reading “Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.”

during the night preposition + article + noun counted as “during … night”

In this reading “The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.”

front entrance noun + noun

exterior door (at the entrance) at the front of a building

In this reading “Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.”

communicate with verb + particle

In this reading “Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.”

with difficulty preposition + noun

In this reading “The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

autumnnounUS /ˈɔːtəm/

the season when the leaves fall from the trees

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

barredadjectiveUS /bɑːrd/

preventing entry or exit or a course of action

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

benumbedadjective

lacking sensation

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

cartsnounUS /kɑːrts/

plural of “cart” — a heavy open wagon usually having two wheels and drawn by an animal

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

communicateverbUS /kəˈmjuːnəkeɪt/

transmit information

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

DecembernounUS /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading It is the middle of December.

difficultynounUS /ˈdɪfəkəlti/

an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

domesticsnounUS /dəˈmestɪks/

plural of “domestic” — a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

drivenadjectiveUS /ˈdrɪvən/

compelled forcibly by an outside agency

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

emptyverbUS /ˈempti/

make void or empty of contents

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

entrancenounUS /ˈentrəns/

something that provides access (to get in or get out)

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

estatenounUS /ɪˈsteɪt/

everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities

From this reading There is not the trace of a path to the Golovliovo estate.

eyenounUS /aɪ/

the organ of sight

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

frontnounUS /frʌnt/

the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

gatesnounUS /ɡeɪts/

United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955)

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

gatewaysnounUS /ˈɡeɪtweɪz/

plural of “gateway” — an entrance that can be closed by a gate

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

Golovliovo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is not the trace of a path to the Golovliovo estate.

grownadjectiveUS /ɡroʊn/

(of animals) fully developed

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

horsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is the middle of December.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is the middle of December.

leadingadjectiveUS /ˈliːdɪŋ/

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

leavingnounUS /ˈliːvɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

mantlenounUS /ˈmæntəl/

the cloak as a symbol of authority

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading It is the middle of December.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading There is not the trace of a path to the Golovliovo estate.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It is the middle of December.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

outeradjectiveUS /ˈaʊtər/

being on the outside or further from a center

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

pathnounUS /pæθ/

a course of conduct

From this reading There is not the trace of a path to the Golovliovo estate.

Porfiry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

pullingnounUS /ˈpʊlɪŋ/

the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

reachverbUS /riːtʃ/

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

servantsnounUS /ˈsɜːrvənts/

plural of “servant” — a person working in the service of another (especially in the household)

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

snownounUS /snoʊ/

precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

snow-drifts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

stretchesnounUS /ˈstretʃəz/

plural of “stretch” — a large and unbroken expanse or distance

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is the middle of December.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There is not the trace of a path to the Golovliovo estate.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading There is not the trace of a path to the Golovliovo estate.

tracenounUS /treɪs/

a just detectable amount

From this reading There is not the trace of a path to the Golovliovo estate.

unaccustomedadjectiveUS /ˌʌnəˈkʌstəmd/

unusual or unfamiliar

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

visitsnounUS /ˈvɪzɪts/

plural of “visit” — the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

Vladimirych

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

wadeverbUS /weɪd/

walk (through relatively shallow water)

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

windnounUS /waɪnd/

air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading The horses, though pulling empty carts, wade with difficulty through the snow-drifts that the wind has driven during the night.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The country stretches still and benumbed, covered with a mantle of snow as far as the eye can reach.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading Porfiry Vladimirych had grown so unaccustomed to visits that in the beginning of autumn he barred the front entrance to the house and the main gateways leading to it, leaving only the servants' entrance and the side gates for the domestics to communicate with the outer world.

Chapter 31 of A Family of Noblemen by Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov holds 190 sentences, grouped into 38 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of A Family of Noblemen contain?

Chapter 31 holds 190 sentences of A Family of Noblemen, unabridged, divided into 38 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of A Family of Noblemen by Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 190 sentences, grouped into 38 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of A Family of Noblemen?

Work through the 38 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 38 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Family of Noblemen

Common questions about reading A Family of Noblemen by Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Family of Noblemen?

Yes. All 7878 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #44237 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Family of Noblemen is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #44237, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Family of Noblemen take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1576 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Family of Noblemen section by section

How to work through A Family of Noblemen section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Family of Noblemen

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Family of Noblemen, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Liveright
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Family of Noblemen; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Anton
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Family of Noblemen; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Vasilyev
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Family of Noblemen; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Manager
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Family of Noblemen; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.