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A Friend of Cæsar
A Friend of Cæsar

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of A Friend of Cæsar is here in full — 299 sentences across 60 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/59 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It was very early in the morning.
From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.
On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.
The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.
The person awakened swore quietly to himself in Greek.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Friend of Cæsar

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of A Friend of Cæsar is here in full — 299 sentences across 60 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/59 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It was very early in the morning.
/ɪt wɑːz ˈveri ˈɜːrli ɪn ðə ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/
Line 2
From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.
/frʌm ðə striːts fɑːr bɪˈloʊ ə dʌl ˈrʌmbəlɪŋ wɑːz ˈdrɪftɪŋ ɪn æt ðə smɔːl dɪm ˈwɪndoʊz/
Line 3
On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.
/ɑːn ðə kaʊtʃ bɪˈhaɪnd sʌm ˈfeɪdəd ˈkɜːrtənz ə mæn tɜːrnd ənd jɔːnd ˈɡrʌntɪd ənd rʌbd hɪz aɪz/
Line 4
The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.
Line 5
The person awakened swore quietly to himself in Greek.
/ðə ˈpɜːrsən əˈweɪkənd swɔːr ˈkwaɪətli tuː hɪmˈself ɪn ɡriːk/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

daybreak noun US /ˈdeɪbreɪk/

the first light of day

From this reading “The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.”

grunted verb US /ˈɡrʌntɪd/

past form of “grunt” — issue a grunting, low, animal-like noise

From this reading “On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.”

hastening verb US /ˈheɪsənɪŋ/

-ing form of “hasten” — act or move at high speed

From this reading “The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.”

jarred verb US /dʒɑːrd/

inflected form of “jar” — be incompatible; be or come into conflict

From this reading “The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.”

merchandise noun US /ˈmɜːrtʃəndaɪz/

commodities offered for sale

From this reading “The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.”

rumbling noun US /ˈrʌmbəlɪŋ/

a loud low dull continuous noise

From this reading “From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.”

wagons noun US /ˈwæɡənz/

plural of “wagon” — any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by an animal or a tractor

From this reading “The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.”

yawned verb US /jɔːnd/

past form of “yawn” — utter a yawn, as from lack of oxygen or when one is tired

From this reading “On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.”

All words in this reading · 59

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

25

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

awakenedadjectiveUS /əˈweɪkənd/

aroused or activated

From this reading The person awakened swore quietly to himself in Greek.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

couchnounUS /kaʊtʃ/

an upholstered seat for more than one person

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

curtainsnounUS /ˈkɜːrtənz/

plural of “curtain” — hanging cloth used as a blind (especially for a window)

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

daybreaknounUS /ˈdeɪbreɪk/

the first light of day

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

dimadjectiveUS /dɪm/

lacking in light; not bright or harsh

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

driftingnounUS /ˈdrɪftɪŋ/

aimless wandering from place to place

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

dulladjectiveUS /dʌl/

lacking in liveliness or animation

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading It was very early in the morning.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

fadedadjectiveUS /ˈfeɪdəd/

having lost freshness or brilliance of color

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

GreeknounUS /ɡriːk/

the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading The person awakened swore quietly to himself in Greek.

gruntedverbUS /ˈɡrʌntɪd/

past form of “grunt” — issue a grunting, low, animal-like noise

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

hasteningverbUS /ˈheɪsənɪŋ/

-ing form of “hasten” — act or move at high speed

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

heavyadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading The person awakened swore quietly to himself in Greek.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

impossibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl/

not capable of occurring or being accomplished or dealt with

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It was very early in the morning.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was very early in the morning.

jarredverbUS /dʒɑːrd/

inflected form of “jar” — be incompatible; be or come into conflict

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

merchandisenounUS /ˈmɜːrtʃəndaɪz/

commodities offered for sale

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading It was very early in the morning.

noisenounUS /nɔɪz/

sound of any kind (especially unintelligible or dissonant sound)

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading The person awakened swore quietly to himself in Greek.

quietlyadverbUS /ˈkwaɪətli/

with low volume

From this reading The person awakened swore quietly to himself in Greek.

roomnounUS /ruːm/

an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

rubbedverbUS /rʌbd/

inflected form of “rub” — move over something with pressure

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

rumblingnounUS /ˈrʌmbəlɪŋ/

a loud low dull continuous noise

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

sleepnounUS /sliːp/

a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

stonenounUS /stoʊn/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

streetsnounUS /striːts/

plural of “street” — a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

sworeverbUS /swɔːr/

inflected form of “swear” — utter obscenities or profanities

From this reading The person awakened swore quietly to himself in Greek.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It was very early in the morning.

timbernounUS /ˈtɪmbər/

the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The person awakened swore quietly to himself in Greek.

turnedadjectiveUS /tɜːrnd/

moved around an axis or center

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading It was very early in the morning.

wagonsnounUS /ˈwæɡənz/

plural of “wagon” — any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by an animal or a tractor

From this reading The noise of the heavy timber, stone, and merchandise wagons hastening out of the city before daybreak,[25] jarred the room, and made sleep almost impossible.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was very early in the morning.

windowsnounUS /ˈwɪndoʊz/

(trademark) an operating system with a graphical user interface

From this reading From the streets, far below, a dull rumbling was drifting in at the small, dim windows.

yawnedverbUS /jɔːnd/

past form of “yawn” — utter a yawn, as from lack of oxygen or when one is tired

From this reading On the couch, behind some faded curtains, a man turned and yawned, grunted and rubbed his eyes.

Chapter 1 of A Friend of Cæsar by William Stearns Davis holds 299 sentences, grouped into 60 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of A Friend of Cæsar contain?

Chapter 1 holds 299 sentences of A Friend of Cæsar, unabridged, divided into 60 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of A Friend of Cæsar by William Stearns Davis exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 299 sentences, grouped into 60 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of A Friend of Cæsar?

Work through the 60 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 60 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Friend of Cæsar

Common questions about reading A Friend of Cæsar by William Stearns Davis on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Friend of Cæsar?

Yes. All 8054 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #15694 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Friend of Cæsar is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #15694, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Friend of Cæsar take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1611 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Friend of Cæsar section by section

How to work through A Friend of Cæsar section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of A Friend of Cæsar to begin.

  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Friend of Cæsar

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Friend of Cæsar, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Early
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Morning
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Streets
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Below
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.