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A Friend of Cæsar
A Friend of Cæsar

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of A Friend of Cæsar is here in full — 405 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.
Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.
It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.
Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.
Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Friend of Cæsar

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of A Friend of Cæsar is here in full — 405 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.
Line 2
Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.
Line 3
It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.
Line 4
Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.
Line 5
Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.
/væst hæd bɪn ðə ˈtʃeɪndʒəz eɪˈtiːn mʌnθs ʌv kæmˈpeɪnɪŋ hæd meɪd ɪn hɪm/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bounding verb US /ˈbaʊndɪŋ/

-ing form of “bound” — move forward by leaps and bounds

From this reading “Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.”

campaigning noun US /kæmˈpeɪnɪŋ/

the campaign of a candidate to be elected

From this reading “Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.”

fatigued adjective US /fəˈtiːɡd/

drained of energy or effectiveness; extremely tired; completely exhausted

From this reading “It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.”

rounds noun US /raʊndz/

plural of “round” — a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading “How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.”

sentries noun US /ˈsentriz/

plural of “sentry” — a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event

From this reading “How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.”

stripped adjective US /strɪpt/

having only essential or minimal features

From this reading “Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.”

tattered adjective US /ˈtætərd/

worn to shreds; or wearing torn or ragged clothing

From this reading “Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.”

turf noun US /tɜːrf/

surface layer of ground containing a mat of grass and grass roots

From this reading “Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.”

All words in this reading · 59

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.

armournounUS /ˈɑːrmər/

a military unit consisting of armored fighting vehicles

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

barsnounUS /bɑːrz/

gymnastic apparatus consisting of two parallel wooden rods supported on uprights

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

beastnounUS /biːst/

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

boundingverbUS /ˈbaʊndɪŋ/

-ing form of “bound” — move forward by leaps and bounds

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

burningnounUS /ˈbɜːrnɪŋ/

the act of burning something

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

CameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

camp-fires

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

campaigningnounUS /kæmˈpeɪnɪŋ/

the campaign of a candidate to be elected

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

Drusus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

eighteenadjectiveUS /eɪˈtiːn/

being one more than seventeen

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

fatiguedadjectiveUS /fəˈtiːɡd/

drained of energy or effectiveness; extremely tired; completely exhausted

From this reading It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.

flungverbUS /flʌŋ/

inflected form of “fling” — throw with force or recklessness

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

hillsnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

insideadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on the side closer to the center or within a defined space

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

leathernounUS /ˈleðər/

an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanning

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

lingeredverbUS /ˈlɪŋɡərd/

past form of “linger” — remain present although waning or gradually dying

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.

monthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

oppressivelyadverb

in a heavy and oppressive way

From this reading It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.

OverprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

plain-land

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

Quintus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

roundsnounUS /raʊndz/

plural of “round” — a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

sentriesnounUS /ˈsentriz/

plural of “sentry” — a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

strippedadjectiveUS /strɪpt/

having only essential or minimal features

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

tatteredadjectiveUS /ˈtætərd/

worn to shreds; or wearing torn or ragged clothing

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

tentnounUS /tent/

a portable shelter (usually of canvas stretched over supporting poles and fastened to the ground with ropes and pegs)

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

Thessaliannoun

a native or inhabitant of Thessaly

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

TrueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

turfnounUS /tɜːrf/

surface layer of ground containing a mat of grass and grass roots

From this reading Quintus Drusus stripped off his armour, and flung himself on the turf inside his tattered leather tent.

Ulamhala's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

utterlyadverbUS /ˈʌtərli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.

VastadjectiveUS /væst/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading Vast had been the changes eighteen months of campaigning had made in him.

warmadjectiveUS /wɔːrm/

having or producing a comfortable and agreeable degree of heat or imparting or maintaining heat

From this reading It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was oppressively warm, and man and beast were utterly fatigued.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

westernadjectiveUS /ˈwestərn/

relating to or characteristic of the western parts of the world or the West as opposed to the eastern or oriental parts

From this reading Over on the western hills bounding the Thessalian plain-land lingered the last bars of light.

WordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading How Ulamhala's Words Came True I The sentries were going their rounds; the camp-fires were burning low.

Chapter 20 of A Friend of Cæsar by William Stearns Davis holds 405 sentences, grouped into 81 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of A Friend of Cæsar contain?

Chapter 20 holds 405 sentences of A Friend of Cæsar, unabridged, divided into 81 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of A Friend of Cæsar by William Stearns Davis exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 405 sentences, grouped into 81 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of A Friend of Cæsar?

Work through the 81 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 81 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Friend of Cæsar

Common questions about reading A Friend of Cæsar by William Stearns Davis on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Friend of Cæsar?

Yes. All 8054 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #15694 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Friend of Cæsar is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #15694, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Friend of Cæsar take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1611 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Friend of Cæsar section by section

How to work through A Friend of Cæsar section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of A Friend of Cæsar to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Friend of Cæsar

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Friend of Cæsar, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Early
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Morning
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Streets
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Below
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.