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A Friend of Cæsar
A Friend of Cæsar

Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

Chapter 21 of A Friend of Cæsar is here in full — 215 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for A Friend of Cæsar
Context Illustration Reading 1/43 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.
The war was raging upon land and sea.
The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.
Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.
But no answer came.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Friend of Cæsar

Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

Chapter 21 of A Friend of Cæsar is here in full — 215 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/43 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.
Line 2
The war was raging upon land and sea.
/ðə wɔːr wɑːz ˈreɪdʒɪŋ əˈpɑːn lænd ənd siː/
Line 3
The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.
Line 4
Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.
Line 5
But no answer came.
/bʌt noʊ ˈænsər keɪm/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

albeit conjunction US /ɔːlˈbiːɪt/

although

From this reading “The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.”

avenues noun US /ˈævənuːz/

plural of “avenue” — a line of approach

From this reading “The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.”

controlled adjective US /kənˈtroʊld/

restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds

From this reading “The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.”

enclosing noun US /enˈkloʊzɪŋ/

the act of enclosing something inside something else

From this reading “Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.”

fleet noun US /fliːt/

group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership

From this reading “The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.”

peninsula noun US /pəˈnɪnsələ/

a large mass of land projecting into a body of water

From this reading “The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.”

raging adjective US /ˈreɪdʒɪŋ/

characterized by violent and forceful activity or movement; very intense

From this reading “The war was raging upon land and sea.”

wherever conjunction US /weˈrevər/

in or to any place at all

From this reading “Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.”

All words in this reading · 64

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

albeitconjunctionUS /ɔːlˈbiːɪt/

although

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

answerverbUS /ˈænsər/

react verbally

From this reading But no answer came.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

avenuesnounUS /ˈævənuːz/

plural of “avenue” — a line of approach

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

beggedverbUS /beɡd/

inflected form of “beg” — call upon in supplication; entreat

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But no answer came.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

Caesarians

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading But no answer came.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

controlledadjectiveUS /kənˈtroʊld/

restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

Cornelia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

Drusus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

enclosingnounUS /enˈkloʊzɪŋ/

the act of enclosing something inside something else

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

EndnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

fleetnounUS /fliːt/

group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

forwardadverbUS /ˈfɔːrwərd/

at or to or toward the front

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

goneadjectiveUS /ɡɔːn/

destroyed or killed

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

ItaliannounUS /ˌɪˈtæljən/

a native or inhabitant of Italy

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading The war was raging upon land and sea.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

lovernounUS /ˈlʌvər/

a person who loves someone or is loved by someone

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

Magnus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

Mamercus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

monthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading But no answer came.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

peninsulanounUS /pəˈnɪnsələ/

a large mass of land projecting into a body of water

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

Pompeian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

Praeneste

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

Quintus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

ragingadjectiveUS /ˈreɪdʒɪŋ/

characterized by violent and forceful activity or movement; very intense

From this reading The war was raging upon land and sea.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading The war was raging upon land and sea.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The war was raging upon land and sea.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The war was raging upon land and sea.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The war was raging upon land and sea.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading The Pompeian fleet controlled all the water avenues; the Italian peninsula was held by the Caesarians.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading The End of the Magnus I The months had come and gone for Cornelia as well as for Quintus Drusus, albeit in a very different manner.

whereverconjunctionUS /weˈrevər/

in or to any place at all

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

wroteverbUS /roʊt/

inflected form of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading Cornelia wrote several times to old Mamercus at Praeneste, enclosing a letter which she begged him to forward to her lover wherever he might be.

Chapter 21 of A Friend of Cæsar by William Stearns Davis holds 215 sentences, grouped into 43 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of A Friend of Cæsar contain?

Chapter 21 holds 215 sentences of A Friend of Cæsar, unabridged, divided into 43 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of A Friend of Cæsar by William Stearns Davis exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 215 sentences, grouped into 43 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of A Friend of Cæsar?

Work through the 43 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 43 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 21 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Friend of Cæsar

Common questions about reading A Friend of Cæsar by William Stearns Davis on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Friend of Cæsar?

Yes. All 8054 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #15694 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Friend of Cæsar is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #15694, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Friend of Cæsar take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1611 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Friend of Cæsar section by section

How to work through A Friend of Cæsar section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of A Friend of Cæsar to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Friend of Cæsar

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Friend of Cæsar, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Early
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Morning
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Streets
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Below
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Friend of Cæsar; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.