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A History of American Literature
A History of American Literature

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of A History of American Literature is here in full — 217 sentences across 44 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/43 · 5 lines
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WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.
As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.
They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.
Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.
Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A History of American Literature

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of A History of American Literature is here in full — 217 sentences across 44 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/43 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.
Line 2
As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.
/æz ə ˈmætər ʌv fækt ðeɪ siːm nɑːt tuː hæv hæd ˈeni mɔːr ˈkɑːntækt ðæn ˈeni ˈʌðər θriː ˈedʒəkeɪtɪd ˈrezɪdənts ʌv ðə ˈsɪti/
Line 3
They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.
Line 4
Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.
/ənˈtɪl hɪz ˈpɪriəd ʌv ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi ˈkuːpər wɑːz ˈliːdɪŋ ˈmembər ʌv ə ˈlɪtəreri klʌb ʌv wɪtʃ hiː hæd bɪn ðə ˈfaʊndər/
Line 5
Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.
/ˈɜːrvɪŋ wɪˈθaʊt ˈɡoʊɪŋ tuː ðə peɪnz ʌv ˈɔːrɡənaɪzɪŋ ə ɡruːp wɑːz ðə ˈnætʃərəl ˈsɛn.tər ʌv wʌn wɪtʃ dɪˈlaɪtəd ɪn hɪz ˈkʌmpəniː ənd ˈemjəleɪtɪd hɪz weɪz ʌv ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ənd ˈraɪtɪŋ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

controversy noun US /ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi/

a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement

From this reading “Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.”

emulated verb US /ˈemjəleɪtɪd/

past form of “emulate” — strive to equal or match, especially by imitating

From this reading “Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.”

founder noun US /ˈfaʊndər/

inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse

From this reading “Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.”

mislead verb US /mɪˈsliːd/

lead someone in the wrong direction or give someone wrong directions

From this reading “WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.”

nineteenth adjective US /ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the eighteenth in position

From this reading “WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.”

organizing verb US /ˈɔːrɡənaɪzɪŋ/

-ing form of “organize” — create (as an entity)

From this reading “Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.”

representatives noun US /ˌreprəˈzentətɪvz/

plural of “representative” — a person who represents others

From this reading “WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.”

residents noun US /ˈrezɪdənts/

plural of “resident” — someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there

From this reading “As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

nineteenth century adjective + noun

In this reading “WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.”

All words in this reading · 78

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

associatesnounUS /əˈsoʊsiəts/

plural of “associate” — a person who joins with others in some activity or endeavor

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

BRYANT

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

centernounUS /ˈsɛn.tər/

The middle point or core of an area.

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

clubnounUS /klʌb/

a team of professional baseball players who play and travel together

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

companynounUS /ˈkʌmpəniː/

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

contactnounUS /ˈkɑːntækt/

close interaction

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

controversynounUS /ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi/

a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

CoopernounUS /ˈkuːpər/

United States industrialist who built the first American locomotive; founded Cooper Union in New York City to offer free courses in the arts and sciences (1791-1883)

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

CULLEN

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

delightedadjectiveUS /dɪˈlaɪtəd/

greatly pleased

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

educatedadjectiveUS /ˈedʒəkeɪtɪd/

possessing an education (especially having more than average knowledge)

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

emulatedverbUS /ˈemjəleɪtɪd/

past form of “emulate” — strive to equal or match, especially by imitating

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

foundernounUS /ˈfaʊndər/

inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

groupnounUS /ɡruːp/

any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

IrvingnounUS /ˈɜːrvɪŋ/

United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859)

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

leadingadjectiveUS /ˈliːdɪŋ/

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

likelyadjectiveUS /ˈlaɪkli/

has a good chance of being the case or of coming about

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

literaryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

membernounUS /ˈmembər/

one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

mentionverbUS /ˈmenʃən/

make reference to

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

misleadverbUS /mɪˈsliːd/

lead someone in the wrong direction or give someone wrong directions

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

nineteenthadjectiveUS /ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the eighteenth in position

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

organizingverbUS /ˈɔːrɡənaɪzɪŋ/

-ing form of “organize” — create (as an entity)

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

painsnounUS /peɪnz/

an effortful attempt to attain a goal

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

representativesnounUS /ˌreprəˈzentətɪvz/

plural of “representative” — a person who represents others

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

residentsnounUS /ˈrezɪdənts/

plural of “resident” — someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

studentsnounUS /ˈstuːdənts/

plural of “student” — a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

thinkingnounUS /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

the process of using your mind to consider something carefully

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading As a matter of fact they seem not to have had any more contact than any other three educated residents of the city.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

unsociableadjective

not inclined to society or companionship

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

UntilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

waysnounUS /weɪz/

structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They were not unsociable men, but each went his own social way.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Until his period of controversy Cooper was leading member of a literary club of which he had been the founder.

WILLIAM

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading Irving, without going to the pains of organizing a group, was the natural center of one which delighted in his company and emulated his ways of thinking and writing.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT The mention of Irving, Cooper, and Bryant as representatives of New York in the early nineteenth century is likely to mislead students into thinking of them as literary associates.

Chapter 11 of A History of American Literature by Percy Holmes Boynton holds 217 sentences, grouped into 44 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of A History of American Literature contain?

Chapter 11 holds 217 sentences of A History of American Literature, unabridged, divided into 44 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of A History of American Literature by Percy Holmes Boynton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 217 sentences, grouped into 44 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of A History of American Literature?

Work through the 44 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 44 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A History of American Literature

Common questions about reading A History of American Literature by Percy Holmes Boynton on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A History of American Literature?

Yes. All 8487 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #45353 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A History of American Literature is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #45353, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A History of American Literature take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1698 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A History of American Literature section by section

How to work through A History of American Literature section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 29 chapters of A History of American Literature to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A History of American Literature

Words and structures a reader meets early in A History of American Literature, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Version
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of American Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Unable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of American Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Reproduce
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of American Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Certain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of American Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.