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A History of American Literature Since 1870
A History of American Literature Since 1870

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of A History of American Literature Since 1870 is here in full — 418 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/83 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.
The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.
The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.
The mid period of the nineteenth century was remarkably rich in humor.
One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A History of American Literature Since 1870

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of A History of American Literature Since 1870 is here in full — 418 sentences across 84 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/83 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.
/ðə ˈlæftər ʌv ðə west əˈmerəkən ˈlɪtərətʃər frʌm ðə fɜːrst hæz bɪn rɪtʃ ɪn ˈhjuːmər/
Line 2
The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.
Line 3
The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.
Line 4
The mid period of the nineteenth century was remarkably rich in humor.
/ðə mɪd ˈpɪriəd ʌv ðə ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ ˈsentʃəri wɑːz rɪˈmɑːrkəbli rɪtʃ ɪn ˈhjuːmər/
Line 5
One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

broadly adverb US /ˈbrɔːdli/

without regard to specific details or exceptions

From this reading “The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.”

cavaliers noun US /ˌkævəˈlɪrz/

plural of “cavalier” — a gallant or courtly gentleman

From this reading “The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.”

immigrants noun US /ˈɪməɡrənts/

plural of “immigrant” — a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there

From this reading “The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.”

Irving's noun US /ˈɜːrvɪŋz/

possessive form of “irving” — United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859)

From this reading “The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.”

leveling noun US /ˈlevəlɪŋ/

changing the ground level to a smooth horizontal or gently sloping surface

From this reading “The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.”

Puritans noun US /ˈpjʊrətənz/

plural of “puritan” — a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship

From this reading “The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.”

Saxe noun US /sæks/

a French marshal who distinguished himself in the War of the Austrian Succession (1696-1750)

From this reading “One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.”

vastness noun US /ˈvæstnəs/

unusual largeness in size or extent or number

From this reading “The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

nineteenth century adjective + noun

In this reading “The mid period of the nineteenth century was remarkably rich in humor.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

BnounUS /biː/

aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

booknounUS /bʊk/

a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

broadlyadverbUS /ˈbrɔːdli/

without regard to specific details or exceptions

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

cavaliersnounUS /ˌkævəˈlɪrz/

plural of “cavalier” — a gallant or courtly gentleman

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading The mid period of the nineteenth century was remarkably rich in humor.

democracynounUS /dɪˈmɑːkrəsi/

the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

DutchadjectiveUS /dʌtʃ/

of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

effectsnounUS /ɪˈfekts/

property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

frontiernounUS /frənˈtɪr/

a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

gatheringnounUS /ˈɡæðərɪŋ/

a group of persons together in one place

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

HistorynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

HolmesnounUS /hoʊmz/

a fictitious detective in stories by A. Conan Doyle

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

humornounUS /ˈhjuːmər/

a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

humorousadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmərəs/

full of or characterized by humor

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

immigrantsnounUS /ˈɪməɡrənts/

plural of “immigrant” — a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

incongruities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

independencenounUS /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/

freedom from control or influence of another or others

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

IndiansnounUS /ˈɪndiənz/

plural of “indian” — a native or inhabitant of India

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

Irving'snounUS /ˈɜːrvɪŋz/

possessive form of “irving” — United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859)

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

Knickerbocker's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

laughingadjectiveUS /ˈlæfɪŋ/

showing or feeling mirth or pleasure or happiness

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

LAUGHTERnounUS /ˈlæftər/

the sound of laughing

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

levelingnounUS /ˈlevəlɪŋ/

changing the ground level to a smooth horizontal or gently sloping surface

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

LowellnounUS /ˈloʊəl/

United States poet (1917-1977)

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

makeshifts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

mentionverbUS /ˈmenʃən/

make reference to

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

midadjectiveUS /mɪd/

used in combination to denote the middle

From this reading The mid period of the nineteenth century was remarkably rich in humor.

negroesnounUS /ˈniːɡroʊz/

plural of “negro” — a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

nineteenthadjectiveUS /ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the eighteenth in position

From this reading The mid period of the nineteenth century was remarkably rich in humor.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

PnounUS /piː/

a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

Paulding

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

peoplesnounUS /ˈpiːpəlz/

the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading The mid period of the nineteenth century was remarkably rich in humor.

picturesqueadjectiveUS /ˈpɪktʃərəsk/

suggesting or suitable for a picture; pretty as a picture

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

produceverbUS /prəˈduːs/

bring forth or yield

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

productionnounUS /prəˈdʌkʃən/

the act or process of producing something

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

PuritansnounUS /ˈpjʊrətənz/

plural of “puritan” — a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

remarkablyadverbUS /rɪˈmɑːrkəbli/

to a remarkable degree or extent

From this reading The mid period of the nineteenth century was remarkably rich in humor.

richadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

richnessnounUS /ˈrɪtʃnəs/

the property of being extremely abundant

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

SaxenounUS /sæks/

a French marshal who distinguished himself in the War of the Austrian Succession (1696-1750)

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

Seba

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

Shillaber

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

SmithnounUS /smɪθ/

Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919)

From this reading One has only to mention Paulding and Holmes and Saxe and Lowell and Seba Smith and B. P. Shillaber.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

tendedverbUS /ˈtendɪd/

past form of “tend” — have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

vastnessnounUS /ˈvæstnəs/

unusual largeness in size or extent or number

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

WESTnounUS /west/

the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America

From this reading THE LAUGHTER OF THE WEST American literature from the first has been rich in humor.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading The incongruities of the new world--the picturesque gathering of peoples like the Puritans, the Indians, the cavaliers, the Dutch, the negroes and the later immigrants; the makeshifts of the frontier, the vastness and the richness of the land, the leveling effects of democracy, the freedom of life, and the independence of spirit--all have tended to produce a laughing people.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading The first really American book, Irving's _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, was a broadly humorous production.

Chapter 2 of A History of American Literature Since 1870 by Fred Lewis Pattee holds 418 sentences, grouped into 84 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of A History of American Literature Since 1870 contain?

Chapter 2 holds 418 sentences of A History of American Literature Since 1870, unabridged, divided into 84 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of A History of American Literature Since 1870 by Fred Lewis Pattee exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 418 sentences, grouped into 84 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of A History of American Literature Since 1870?

Work through the 84 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 84 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A History of American Literature Since 1870

Common questions about reading A History of American Literature Since 1870 by Fred Lewis Pattee on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A History of American Literature Since 1870?

Yes. All 7966 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #42593 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A History of American Literature Since 1870 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #42593, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A History of American Literature Since 1870 take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1594 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A History of American Literature Since 1870 section by section

How to work through A History of American Literature Since 1870 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in A History of American Literature Since 1870

Words and structures a reader meets early in A History of American Literature Since 1870, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Lifespans
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of American Literature Since 1870; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
People
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of American Literature Since 1870; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Still
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of American Literature Since 1870; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Living
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of American Literature Since 1870; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.