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A History of English Literature
A History of English Literature

Chapter VI · Chapter 6

Chapter 6 of A History of English Literature is here in full — 335 sentences across 67 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.
In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.
There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.
The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.
This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A History of English Literature

Chapter VI · Chapter 6

Chapter 6 of A History of English Literature is here in full — 335 sentences across 67 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/67 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.
Line 2
In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.
Line 3
There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.
/ðer wɑːz stɪl tuː biː ə ˈpɪriəd ʌv ˈθɜːrdiː ɔːr ˈfɔːrti jɪrz bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈflaʊərɪŋ ʌv ðə ɡreɪt ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən ˈdrɑːmə bʌt ðeɪ wɜːr tuː biː jɪrz ʌv nuː ɪf ənˈsɜːrtən bɪˈɡɪnɪŋz/
Line 4
The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.
/ðə fɜːrst nuː ˈfɔːrmətɪv fɔːrs wɑːz ðə ˈɪnfluːəns ʌv ðə ˈklæsɪkəl ˈdrɑːmə fɔːr wɪtʃ wɪð ˈʌðər θɪŋz ˈklæsɪkəl ðə ˌrenəˈsɑːns hæd ərˈaʊzd ɪnˈθuːziæzəm/
Line 5
This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

audiences noun US /ˈɑːdiənsəz/

plural of “audience” — a gathering of spectators or listeners at a (usually public) performance

From this reading “This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.”

decadent adjective US /ˈdekədənt/

luxuriously self-indulgent

From this reading “In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.”

Elizabethan noun US /ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən/

a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I

From this reading “There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.”

ferment noun US /fərˈment/

a state of agitation or turbulent change or development

From this reading “In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.”

formative noun US /ˈfɔːrmətɪv/

minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function

From this reading “The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.”

Interludes noun US /ˈɪntərluːdz/

plural of “interlude” — an intervening period or episode

From this reading “This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.”

Renaissance noun US /ˌrenəˈsɑːns/

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries

From this reading “The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.”

universities noun US /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsətiz/

plural of “university” — the body of faculty and students at a university

From this reading “This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.”

All words in this reading · 101

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1550

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

1642

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

ABOUTprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

arousedadjectiveUS /ərˈaʊzd/

aroused to action

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

audiencesnounUS /ˈɑːdiənsəz/

plural of “audience” — a gathering of spectators or listeners at a (usually public) performance

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

authorsnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

beginningsnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋz/

plural of “beginning” — the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

ChapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

circlesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəlz/

plural of “circle” — ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

CLASSICALadjectiveUS /ˈklæsɪkəl/

of or relating to the first significant period of a civilization, culture, area of study, etc.

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

COMEDYnounUS /ˈkɑːmədi/

light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

confusedadjectiveUS /kənˈfjuːzd/

perplexed by many conflicting situations or statements; filled with bewilderment

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

CourtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

decadentadjectiveUS /ˈdekədənt/

luxuriously self-indulgent

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

declinedverbUS /dɪˈklaɪnd/

past form of “decline” — grow worse

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

degreenounUS /dɪˈɡriː/

a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

DRAMAnounUS /ˈdrɑːmə/

a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

ElizabethannounUS /ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən/

a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

enthusiasmnounUS /ɪnˈθuːziæzəm/

a feeling of excitement

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

fermentnounUS /fərˈment/

a state of agitation or turbulent change or development

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

floweringnounUS /ˈflaʊərɪŋ/

the time and process of budding and unfolding of blossoms

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

formativenounUS /ˈfɔːrmətɪv/

minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

fortyadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrti/

being ten more than thirty

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

FROMprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

INFLUENCEnounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

Interlude-Farces

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

InterludesnounUS /ˈɪntərluːdz/

plural of “interlude” — an intervening period or episode

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

IVnoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

largelyadverbUS /ˈlɑːrdʒli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

mainlyadverbUS /ˈmeɪnli/

for the most part

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

Moralities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

MysterynounUS /ˈmɪstəri/

something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

operatedverbUS /ˈɑːpəreɪtəd/

past form of “operate” — direct or control; projects, businesses, etc.

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

performancesnounUS /pərˈfɔːrmənsəz/

plural of “performance” — a dramatic or musical entertainment

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

PlaysnounUS /pleɪz/

plural of “play” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

popularadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːpjələr/

regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

remainedverbUS /rɪˈmeɪnd/

past form of “remain” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

RenaissancenounUS /ˌrenəˈsɑːns/

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

rivalrynounUS /ˈraɪvəlri/

the act of competing as for profit or a prize

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

schoolsnounUS /skuːlz/

plural of “school” — an educational institution

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

sharingnounUS /ˈʃerɪŋ/

using or enjoying something jointly with others

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

sixteenthadjectiveUS /sɪkˈstiːnθ/

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

thirtynounUS /ˈθɜːrdiː/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

TOparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

TRAGEDYnounUS /ˈtrædʒədi/

an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

From this reading THE DRAMA FROM ABOUT 1550 TO 1642 THE INFLUENCE OF CLASSICAL COMEDY AND TRAGEDY.

unabsorbed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

uncertainadjectiveUS /ənˈsɜːrtən/

lacking or indicating lack of confidence or assurance

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

universitiesnounUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsətiz/

plural of “university” — the body of faculty and students at a university

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading In Chapter IV we left the drama at that point, toward the middle of the sixteenth century, when the Mystery Plays had largely declined and Moralities and Interlude-Farces, themselves decadent, were sharing in rather confused rivalry that degree of popular interest which remained unabsorbed by the religious, political, and social ferment.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The first new formative force was the influence of the classical drama, for which, with other things classical, the Renaissance had aroused enthusiasm.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading This force operated mainly not through writers for popular audiences, like the authors of most Moralities and Interludes, but through men of the schools and the universities, writing for performances in their own circles or in that of the Court.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading There was still to be a period of thirty or forty years before the flowering of the great Elizabethan drama, but they were to be years of new, if uncertain, beginnings.

Chapter 6 of A History of English Literature by Robert Huntington Fletcher holds 335 sentences, grouped into 67 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of A History of English Literature contain?

Chapter 6 holds 335 sentences of A History of English Literature, unabridged, divided into 67 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of A History of English Literature by Robert Huntington Fletcher exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 335 sentences, grouped into 67 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of A History of English Literature?

Work through the 67 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 67 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 6 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A History of English Literature

Common questions about reading A History of English Literature by Robert Huntington Fletcher on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A History of English Literature?

Yes. All 5100 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7201 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A History of English Literature is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7201, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A History of English Literature take to read?

About 425 minutes of reading across 1020 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A History of English Literature section by section

How to work through A History of English Literature section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 11 chapters of A History of English Literature to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A History of English Literature

Words and structures a reader meets early in A History of English Literature, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Period
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Britons
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Anglo-saxons
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Foreword
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.