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A History of English Literature
A History of English Literature

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of A History of English Literature is here in full — 282 sentences across 57 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/56 · 5 lines
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PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.
PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])
The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.
The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.
Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A History of English Literature

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of A History of English Literature is here in full — 282 sentences across 57 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/56 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.
Line 2
PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])
Line 3
The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.
/ðə fɜːrst hæf ʌv ðə ˈsevənˈtiːnθ ˈsentʃəri æz ə hoʊl kəmˈperd wɪð ðə ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən eɪdʒ wɑːz ə ˈpɪriəd ʌv rɪˈlæksɪŋ ˈvɪɡər/
Line 4
The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.
/ðə ˌrenəˈsɑːns ɪnˈθuːziæzəm hæd spent ˌɪtˈself ənd ɪn pleɪs ʌv ðə ˈdeɪndʒər ənd ˈɡlɔːri wɪtʃ hæd lɔːŋ juːˈnaɪtɪd ðə ˈneɪʃən ðer ˈfɑːloʊd ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ dɪˈsenʃən ɪn rɪˈlɪdʒən ənd ˈpɑːlətɪks ənd ənˈsɜːrtənti æz tuː ðə ˈfjuːtʃər ʌv ˈɪŋɡlənd ənd ˌɪnˈdiːd æz tuː ðə hoʊl ˈpɜːrpəs ʌv laɪf/
Line 5
Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.
/θruː ˌɪnˈkriːst ɪkˈspɪriəns men wɜːr ˈsɜːrtənli ˈwaɪzər ənd mɔːr səˈfɪstəkeɪtɪd ðæn bɪˈfɔːr bʌt ðeɪ wɜːr ˈɔːlsoʊ mɔːr ˌselfˈkɑːnʃəs ənd ˈsædər ɔːr mɔːr ˈpensɪv/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

dissension noun US /dɪˈsenʃən/

disagreement among those expected to cooperate

From this reading “The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.”

Elizabethan noun US /ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən/

a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I

From this reading “The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.”

relaxing adjective US /rɪˈlæksɪŋ/

affording physical or mental rest

From this reading “The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.”

Renaissance noun US /ˌrenəˈsɑːns/

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries

From this reading “The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.”

sadder adjective US /ˈsædər/

comparative of “sad” — experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness

From this reading “Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.”

self-conscious adjective US /ˌselfˈkɑːnʃəs/

aware of yourself as an individual or of your own being and actions and thoughts

From this reading “Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.”

seventeenth adjective US /ˈsevənˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the sixteenth in position

From this reading “PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.”

sophisticated adjective US /səˈfɪstəkeɪtɪd/

having or appealing to those having worldly knowledge and refinement and savoir-faire

From this reading “Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.”

All words in this reading · 88

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

141

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

1603

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.

1660

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

CENTURYnounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.

certainlyadverbUS /ˈsɜːrtənli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

comparedverbUS /kəmˈperd/

past form of “compare” — examine and note the similarities or differences of

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

conditionsnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

dangernounUS /ˈdeɪndʒər/

the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

dealingnounUS /ˈdiːlɪŋ/

method or manner of conduct in relation to others

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

dissensionnounUS /dɪˈsenʃən/

disagreement among those expected to cooperate

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

ElizabethannounUS /ˌelɪzəˈbiːθən/

a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

enthusiasmnounUS /ɪnˈθuːziæzəm/

a feeling of excitement

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

experienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

factsnounUS /fækts/

plural of “fact” — a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

fictionnounUS /ˈfɪkʃən/

a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

followedverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊd/

past form of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

FootnotenounUS /ˈfʊtnoʊt/

a printed note placed below the text on a printed page

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

futureadjectiveUS /ˈfjuːtʃər/

yet to be or coming

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

glorynounUS /ˈɡlɔːri/

a state of high honor

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

HnounUS /eɪtʃ/

a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

increasedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkriːst/

made greater in size or amount or degree

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

increasingadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ/

becoming greater or larger

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

Inglesant

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

JnounUS /dʒeɪ/

a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

JohnnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

pagenounUS /peɪdʒ/

one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

pensiveadjectiveUS /ˈpensɪv/

deeply or seriously thoughtful

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

PERIODnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

POETRYnounUS /ˈpoʊətri/

literature in metrical form

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

politicsnounUS /ˈpɑːlətɪks/

social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

PROSEnounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

relaxingadjectiveUS /rɪˈlæksɪŋ/

affording physical or mental rest

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

religionnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

RenaissancenounUS /ˌrenəˈsɑːns/

the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

sadderadjectiveUS /ˈsædər/

comparative of “sad” — experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

self-consciousadjectiveUS /ˌselfˈkɑːnʃəs/

aware of yourself as an individual or of your own being and actions and thoughts

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

SEVENTEENTHadjectiveUS /ˈsevənˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the sixteenth in position

From this reading PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.

Shorthouse's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

sophisticatedadjectiveUS /səˈfɪstəkeɪtɪd/

having or appealing to those having worldly knowledge and refinement and savoir-faire

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

spentadjectiveUS /spent/

depleted of energy, force, or strength

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

ThroughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

uncertaintynounUS /ənˈsɜːrtənti/

being unsettled or in doubt or dependent on chance

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

unitedadjectiveUS /juːˈnaɪtɪd/

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

VnounUS /viː/

a unit of potential equal to the potential difference between two points on a conductor carrying a current of 1 ampere when the power dissipated between the two points is 1 watt

From this reading PERIOD V. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, 1603-1660.

vigornounUS /ˈvɪɡər/

forceful exertion

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The Renaissance enthusiasm had spent itself, and in place of the danger and glory which had long united the nation there followed increasing dissension in religion and politics and uncertainty as to the future of England and, indeed, as to the whole purpose of life.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading The first half of the seventeenth century as a whole, compared with the Elizabethan age, was a period of relaxing vigor.

wiseradjectiveUS /ˈwaɪzər/

comparative of “wise” — having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading Through increased experience men were certainly wiser and more sophisticated than before, but they were also more self-conscious and sadder or more pensive.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading PROSE AND POETRY (_For political and social facts and conditions, see above, page 141._ [Footnote: One of the best works of fiction dealing with the period is J. H. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant.'])

Chapter 7 of A History of English Literature by Robert Huntington Fletcher holds 282 sentences, grouped into 57 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of A History of English Literature contain?

Chapter 7 holds 282 sentences of A History of English Literature, unabridged, divided into 57 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of A History of English Literature by Robert Huntington Fletcher exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 282 sentences, grouped into 57 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of A History of English Literature?

Work through the 57 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 57 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A History of English Literature

Common questions about reading A History of English Literature by Robert Huntington Fletcher on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A History of English Literature?

Yes. All 5100 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7201 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A History of English Literature is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7201, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A History of English Literature take to read?

About 425 minutes of reading across 1020 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A History of English Literature section by section

How to work through A History of English Literature section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 11 chapters of A History of English Literature to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A History of English Literature

Words and structures a reader meets early in A History of English Literature, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Period
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Britons
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Anglo-saxons
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Foreword
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.