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A History of English Literature
A History of English Literature

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of A History of English Literature is here in full — 168 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/33 · 5 lines
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PERIOD VI.
THE RESTORATION, 1660-1700.
(_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']
GENERAL CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS.
The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A History of English Literature

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of A History of English Literature is here in full — 168 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/33 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
PERIOD VI.
/ˈpɪriəd vaɪ/
Line 2
THE RESTORATION, 1660-1700.
Line 3
(_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']
Line 4
GENERAL CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS.
/ˈdʒenərəl kənˈdɪʃənz ənd ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/
Line 5
The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

characteristics noun US /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading “GENERAL CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS.”

decisive adjective US /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/

determining or having the power to determine an outcome

From this reading “The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.”

Mortality noun US /mɔːrˈtæləti/

the quality or state of being mortal

From this reading “(_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']”

Puritan noun US /ˈpjʊrətən/

a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship

From this reading “The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.”

repudiation noun US /rɪˌpjuːdiˈeɪʃən/

rejecting or disowning or disclaiming as invalid

From this reading “The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.”

restoration noun US /ˌrestərˈeɪʃən/

the reign of Charles II in England; 1660-1685

From this reading “THE RESTORATION, 1660-1700.”

Scott's noun US /skɑːts/

possessive form of “scott” — award-winning United States film actor (1928-1999)

From this reading “(_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']”

Stuart noun US /ˈstuːərt/

United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)

From this reading “The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.”

All words in this reading · 49

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

141

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

142

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

1660

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE RESTORATION, 1660-1700.

1700

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE RESTORATION, 1660-1700.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

CHARACTERISTICSnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading GENERAL CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

CharlesnounUS /tʃɑːrlz/

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

CONDITIONSnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading GENERAL CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

decisiveadjectiveUS /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/

determining or having the power to determine an outcome

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

eventsnounUS /ɪˈvents/

plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

FootnotenounUS /ˈfʊtnoʊt/

a printed note placed below the text on a printed page

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

GENERALadjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading GENERAL CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

IInoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

kingsnounUS /kɪŋz/

plural of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

leadingadjectiveUS /ˈliːdɪŋ/

indicating the most important performer or role

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

LegendnounUS /ˈledʒənd/

a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

markverbUS /mɑːrk/

attach a tag or label to

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

Montrose

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

MortalitynounUS /mɔːrˈtæləti/

the quality or state of being mortal

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

OldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

pagesnounUS /ˈpeɪdʒəz/

plural of “page” — one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

PERIODnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading PERIOD VI.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

PuritannounUS /ˈpjʊrətən/

a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

repudiationnounUS /rɪˌpjuːdiˈeɪʃən/

rejecting or disowning or disclaiming as invalid

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

RESTORATIONnounUS /ˌrestərˈeɪʃən/

the reign of Charles II in England; 1660-1685

From this reading THE RESTORATION, 1660-1700.

rulenounUS /ruːl/

a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

Scott'snounUS /skɑːts/

possessive form of “scott” — award-winning United States film actor (1928-1999)

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

StuartnounUS /ˈstuːərt/

United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)

From this reading The repudiation of the Puritan rule by the English people and the Restoration of the Stuart kings in the person of Charles II, in 1660, mark one of the most decisive changes in English life and literature.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE RESTORATION, 1660-1700.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading (_For the political events leading up to the Restoration see above, pages 141-142._) [Footnote: This is the period of Scott's 'Old Mortality' and 'Legend of Montrose.']

VInounUS /vaɪ/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading PERIOD VI.

Chapter 8 of A History of English Literature by Robert Huntington Fletcher holds 168 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of A History of English Literature contain?

Chapter 8 holds 168 sentences of A History of English Literature, unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of A History of English Literature by Robert Huntington Fletcher exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 168 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of A History of English Literature?

Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A History of English Literature

Common questions about reading A History of English Literature by Robert Huntington Fletcher on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A History of English Literature?

Yes. All 5100 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7201 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A History of English Literature is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7201, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A History of English Literature take to read?

About 425 minutes of reading across 1020 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A History of English Literature section by section

How to work through A History of English Literature section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A History of English Literature

Words and structures a reader meets early in A History of English Literature, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Period
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Britons
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Anglo-saxons
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Foreword
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A History of English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.