Chapter I · Chapter 1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

higher than, or over, something

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

in addition

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The original text was published as an eight-page pamphlet.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

a relation that provides the foundation for something

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

plural of “bottom” — the lower side of anything

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

(of land or soil) used for growing crops

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

loss due to not showing up

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

without deviation

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

something intended to communicate a particular impression

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The original text was published as an eight-page pamphlet.

the activity of converting data or information into code

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

an exact copy or reproduction

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

record in a public office or in a court of law

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

a specific size and style of type within a type family

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

food that is discarded (as from a kitchen)

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

engage in

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

English businessman who created a retail chain (1888-1964)

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

not able to be found

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

a condition requiring relief

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading The original text was published as an eight-page pamphlet.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

plural of “page” — one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

a small book usually having a paper cover

From this reading The original text was published as an eight-page pamphlet.

one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

plural of “portion” — something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

in the right manner; correctly; suitably

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

prepared and printed for distribution and sale

From this reading The original text was published as an eight-page pamphlet.

a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

possessive form of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

adapted to social or economic change

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

plural of “reprint” — a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

an arrangement of objects or people side by side in a line

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

inflected form of “show” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

still in existence

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

the words of something written

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

a diacritical mark (~) placed over the letter n in Spanish to indicate a palatal nasal sound or over a vowel in Portuguese to indicate nasalization

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

add up in number or quantity

From this reading A total of three lines-- shown as a row of asterisks-- are entirely missing, and a further three have been reconstructed from their surviving portions.

a base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading In the surviving copy, used as the basis for all facsimile reprints, the bottoms of the pages have been cropped.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The original text was published as an eight-page pamphlet.

in the company of; together with

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

a silvery metallic element that is common in rare-earth minerals; used in magnesium and aluminum alloys

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading You may also need to change the default font.

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ĩõũỹ [i, o, u, y with “tilde” or overline] If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).