Chapter II

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

past form of “allow” — make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

the month following March and preceding May

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

plural of “battle” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

a member of an indigenous people of northern Africa

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

an imaginary monster used to frighten children

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

growing close together but not in dense mats

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

the act of grasping

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

an authoritative direction or instruction to do something

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

the trace of a point whose direction of motion changes

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

money collected under a tariff

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

any of various platforms built into a vessel

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

without doubt; certainly

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

possessive form of “england” — a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

something that provides access (to get in or get out)

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

widely known and esteemed

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

marked by extreme and violent energy

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

a person who goes before or announces the coming of another

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It has its own history, has Tarifa.

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

the aggregate of past events

From this reading It has its own history, has Tarifa.

plural of “house” — a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It has its own history, has Tarifa.

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

the largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

used to form the superlative

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

to a great degree or extent

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

past form of “name” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

not any; not one

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

on one occasion

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

have ownership or possession of

From this reading It has its own history, has Tarifa.

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

go across or through

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

suggesting or suitable for a picture; pretty as a picture

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

characteristic of pirates

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

the leader of an Arab village or family

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

to grasp hastily or eagerly

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

a strongly fortified defensive structure

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It has its own history, has Tarifa.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This forerunner of the modern bugbear, customs, no doubt was quite as much, if not more, dreaded.

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

plural of “vessel” — a tube in which a body fluid circulates

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

past form of “view” — deem to be

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

past form of “wall” — surround with a wall in order to fortify

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

plural of “wall” — an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading “UNDER THE WALLS OF PARADISE” By the first of April Gabriella had viewed from the steamer’s deck her first walled town, that once famous city named for the Berber sheikh, Tarif Ibn Malek.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The picturesque group of houses clustered in the curve of the strait, so situated as to command the entrance to the Mediterranean, was doubtless a piratical stronghold which made the most of its position in those old days and allowed few vessels to pass in free.

someone who sees an event and reports what happened

From this reading It has seen the fierce struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism, and was witness in later battles to England’s effort to snatch Spain from the clutches of Napoleon.