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A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland
A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland is here in full — 143 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland
Context Illustration Reading 1/28 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.
In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.
There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.
But we did not observe in these any aquatick plants.
The vallies and the mountains are alike darkened with heath.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland is here in full — 143 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/28 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.
Line 2
In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.
/ɪn sʌm pɑːrts ðer ɪz ˈoʊnli ə θɪn ˈleɪər ʌv ɜːrθ spred əˈpɑːn ə rɑːk wɪtʃ berz ˈnʌθɪŋ bʌt ʃɔːrt braʊn hiːθ ənd pərˈhæps ɪz nɑːt ˈdʒenərəli ˈkeɪpəbəl ʌv ˈeni ˈbetər ˈprɑːdəkt/
Line 3
There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.
Line 4
But we did not observe in these any aquatick plants.
Line 5
The vallies and the mountains are alike darkened with heath.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bogs noun US /bɑːɡz/

plural of “bog” — wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel

From this reading “There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.”

darkened adjective US /ˈdɑːrkənd/

(of fabrics and paper) grown dark in color over time

From this reading “The vallies and the mountains are alike darkened with heath.”

heath noun US /hiːθ/

a low evergreen shrub of the family Ericaceae; has small bell-shaped pink or purple flowers

From this reading “In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.”

layer noun US /ˈleɪər/

single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading “In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.”

mosses noun US /ˈmɔːsəz/

plural of “moss” — tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants

From this reading “There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.”

plants noun US /plænts/

plural of “plant” — buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading “But we did not observe in these any aquatick plants.”

plow verb US /plaʊ/

to break and turn over earth especially with a plow

From this reading “There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.”

product noun US /ˈprɑːdəkt/

commodities offered for sale

From this reading “In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

alikeadverbUS /əˈlaɪk/

equally

From this reading The vallies and the mountains are alike darkened with heath.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

aquatick

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But we did not observe in these any aquatick plants.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

bearsnounUS /berz/

plural of “bear” — massive plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammals with long shaggy coats and strong claws

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

bogsnounUS /bɑːɡz/

plural of “bog” — wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

brownnounUS /braʊn/

an orange of low brightness and saturation

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

capableadjectiveUS /ˈkeɪpəbəl/

(usually followed by “of”) having capacity or ability

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

countriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.

darkenedadjectiveUS /ˈdɑːrkənd/

(of fabrics and paper) grown dark in color over time

From this reading The vallies and the mountains are alike darkened with heath.

depthnounUS /depθ/

the extent downward or backward or inward

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading But we did not observe in these any aquatick plants.

diversities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

greateradjectiveUS /ˈɡreɪtər/

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.

heathnounUS /hiːθ/

a low evergreen shrub of the family Ericaceae; has small bell-shaped pink or purple flowers

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.

layernounUS /ˈleɪər/

single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

mossesnounUS /ˈmɔːsəz/

plural of “moss” — tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

mountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading The vallies and the mountains are alike darkened with heath.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

observeverbUS /əbˈzɜːrv/

discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

From this reading But we did not observe in these any aquatick plants.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

plantsnounUS /plænts/

plural of “plant” — buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading But we did not observe in these any aquatick plants.

plowverbUS /plaʊ/

to break and turn over earth especially with a plow

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

productnounUS /ˈprɑːdəkt/

commodities offered for sale

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

rocknounUS /rɑːk/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

soilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

spreadverbUS /spred/

distribute or disperse widely

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

supposedadjectiveUS /səˈpoʊzd/

required or under orders

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading But we did not observe in these any aquatick plants.

thinadjectiveUS /θɪn/

Having little thickness or extent.

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

vallies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The vallies and the mountains are alike darkened with heath.

wantverbUS /wɑːnt/

feel or have a desire for; want strongly

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading But we did not observe in these any aquatick plants.

wetadjectiveUS /wet/

covered or soaked with a liquid such as water

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading There are many bogs or mosses of greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want depth, though it is too wet for the plow.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading In some parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally capable of any better product.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The vallies and the mountains are alike darkened with heath.

Chapter 8 of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland by Samuel Johnson holds 143 sentences, grouped into 29 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland contain?

Chapter 8 holds 143 sentences of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland, unabridged, divided into 29 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland by Samuel Johnson exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 143 sentences, grouped into 29 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland?

Work through the 29 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 29 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland

Common questions about reading A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland by Samuel Johnson on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland?

Yes. All 2156 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2064 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2064, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland take to read?

About 179 minutes of reading across 432 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Desired
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Visit
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hebrides
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Western
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.