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A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard
A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard is here in full — 80 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY LYSANDER SPOONER.
A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.
This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.
All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard is here in full — 80 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/16 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.
/tuː ˈeksərsaɪz ˈeni ˈledʒəsleɪtɪv ˈpaʊər ˌwʌˈtevər ˈoʊvər ðə ˈpiːpəl ʌv ðə juːˈnaɪtɪd steɪts/
Line 2
BY LYSANDER SPOONER.
Line 3
A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.
Line 4
This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.
Line 5
All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.
/ɔːl ðɪs ˌɪmˈplaɪz ðæt juː ɑːr ʌv ðə əˈpɪnjən ðæt ðə ˈkɑːŋɡrəs ʌv ðə juːˈnaɪtɪd steɪts ʌv wɪtʃ juː ɑːr ə ˈmembər hæz baɪ sʌm ˈprɑːses ɔːr ˈʌðər bɪˈkʌm pəˈzest ʌv sʌm raɪt ʌv ˈɑːrbətreri dəˈmɪnjən ˈoʊvər ðə ˈpiːpəl ʌv ðə juːˈnaɪtɪd steɪts wɪtʃ raɪt ʌv ˈɑːrbətreri dəˈmɪnjən ɪz nɑːt ˈɡɪvən baɪ ənd ɪz ˈðerfɔːr ˌnesəˈserəli ɪn ˈkɑːnflɪkt wɪð ðə lɔː ʌv ˈneɪtʃər ðə ˈprɪnsəpəlz ʌv ˈnætʃərəl ˈdʒʌstəs ənd ðə ˈnætʃərəl raɪts ʌv men æz ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəlz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Challenging adjective US /ˈtʃæləndʒɪŋ/

requiring full use of your abilities or resources

implies verb US /ˌɪmˈplaɪz/

third-person singular of “imply” — express or state indirectly

From this reading “This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.”

legislative adjective US /ˈledʒəsleɪtɪv/

relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature

From this reading “TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.”

legislator noun US /ˈledʒəsleɪtər/

someone who makes or enacts laws

From this reading “A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.”

lysander noun US /ˌlaɪˈsændər/

Spartan general who defeated the Athenians in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (died in 395 BC)

From this reading “BY LYSANDER SPOONER.”

obligatory adjective US /əˈblɪɡətɔːri/

morally or legally constraining or binding

From this reading “This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.”

rightfully adverb US /ˈraɪtfəli/

by right

From this reading “This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.”

senators noun US /ˈsenətərz/

plural of “senator” — a member of a senate

From this reading “A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

four hundred noun + noun

the exclusive social set of a city

In this reading “This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.”

express the opinion verb + article + noun counted as “express … opinion”

In this reading “A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.”

honest man adjective + noun

In this reading “A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.”

become possessed verb + adjective

In this reading “All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.”

hundred men noun + noun

In this reading “This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.”

invested with verb + particle counted as “invest with”

In this reading “This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.”

All words in this reading · 112

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

Abbott

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

ANYadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

arbitraryadjectiveUS /ˈɑːrbətreri/

based on or subject to individual discretion or preference or sometimes impulse or caprice

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

BayardnounUS /ˈbeɪərd/

French soldier said to be fearless and chivalrous (1473-1524)

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

BYprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading BY LYSANDER SPOONER.

ChallengingadjectiveUS /ˈtʃæləndʒɪŋ/

requiring full use of your abilities or resources

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

compelledverbUS /kəmˈpeld/

inflected form of “compel” — force somebody to do something

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

conflictnounUS /ˈkɑːnflɪkt/

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

CongressnounUS /ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/

the legislature of the United States government

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

ConstitutionnounUS /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən/

law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

DelawarenounUS /ˈdeləwer/

a river that rises in the Catskills in southeastern New York and flows southward along the border of Pennsylvania with New York and New Jersey to northern Delaware where it empties into Delaware Bay

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

devicenounUS /dɪˈvaɪs/

an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

distinctadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋkt/

(often followed by “from”) not alike; different in nature or quality

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

dominionnounUS /dəˈmɪnjən/

dominance or power through legal authority

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

EXERCISEnounUS /ˈeksərsaɪz/

the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

expressverbUS /ɪkˈspres/

give expression to

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

FnounUS /ef/

a degree on the Fahrenheit scale of temperature

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

holdverbUS /hoʊld/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

honestadjectiveUS /ˈɑːnəst/

not disposed to cheat or defraud; not deceptive or fraudulent

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

impliesverbUS /ˌɪmˈplaɪz/

third-person singular of “imply” — express or state indirectly

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

individualsnounUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəlz/

plural of “individual” — a human being

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

investedverbUS /ˌɪnˈvestəd/

past form of “invest” — make an investment

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

justicenounUS /ˈdʒʌstəs/

the quality of being just or fair

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

LEGISLATIVEadjectiveUS /ˈledʒəsleɪtɪv/

relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

legislatornounUS /ˈledʒəsleɪtər/

someone who makes or enacts laws

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

LetternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

Lyman

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

LYSANDERnounUS /ˌlaɪˈsændər/

Spartan general who defeated the Athenians in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (died in 395 BC)

From this reading BY LYSANDER SPOONER.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

makingnounUS /ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

the act that results in something coming to be

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

membernounUS /ˈmembər/

one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

necessarilyadverbUS /ˌnesəˈserəli/

in an essential manner

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

obeyverbUS /oʊˈbeɪ/

be obedient to

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

obligatoryadjectiveUS /əˈblɪɡətɔːri/

morally or legally constraining or binding

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

opinionnounUS /əˈpɪnjən/

a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

OVERprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

PEOPLEnounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

possibleadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːsəbəl/

capable of happening or existing

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

POWERnounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

principlesnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

plural of “principle” — a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

processverbUS /ˈprɑːses/

subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

propositionnounUS /ˌprɑːpəˈzɪʃən/

(logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

representativesnounUS /ˌreprəˈzentətɪvz/

plural of “representative” — a person who represents others

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

RevverbUS /rev/

increase the number of rotations per minute

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

rightfullyadverbUS /ˈraɪtfəli/

by right

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

rightsnounUS /raɪts/

plural of “right” — an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature

From this reading All this implies that you are of the opinion that the Congress of the United States, of which you are a member, has, by some process or other, become possessed of some right _of arbitrary dominion_ over the people of the United States; which right of arbitrary dominion is not given by, and is, therefore, necessarily in conflict with, the law of nature, the principles of natural justice, and the natural rights of men, as individuals.

senatorsnounUS /ˈsenətərz/

plural of “senator” — a member of a senate

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

SirnounUS /sɜːr/

term of address for a man

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

so-calledadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊˈkɔːld/

doubtful or suspect

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

SPOONER

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BY LYSANDER SPOONER.

STATESnounUS /steɪts/

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

ThomasnounUS /ˈtɑːməs/

United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859)

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

TOparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

trulyadverbUS /ˈtruːli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

UNITEDadjectiveUS /juːˈnaɪtɪd/

characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

WHATEVERdeterminerUS /ˌwʌˈtevər/

any or all of a kind, it does not matter which

From this reading TO EXERCISE ANY LEGISLATIVE POWER WHATEVER OVER THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

whollyadverbUS /ˈhoʊli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading This proposition implies that you hold it to be at least possible that some four hundred men should, by some process or other, become invested with the right to make laws of their own--that is, _laws wholly of their own device_, and therefore necessarily distinct from the law of nature, or the principles of natural justice; and that these laws of their own making shall be really and truly obligatory upon the people of the United States; and that, therefore, the people may rightfully be compelled to obey them.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard "_Challenging his right--and that of all the other so-called senators and representatives in Congress--to exercise any legislative power whatever over the people of the United States._" by Lysander Spooner To Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware: Sir--I have read your letter to Rev. Lyman Abbott, in which you express the opinion that it is at least possible for a man to be a legislator (under the Constitution of the United States) and yet be an honest man.

Chapter 1 of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard by Lysander Spooner holds 80 sentences, grouped into 16 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard contain?

Chapter 1 holds 80 sentences of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard, unabridged, divided into 16 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard by Lysander Spooner exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 80 sentences, grouped into 16 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard?

Work through the 16 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 16 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard

Common questions about reading A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard by Lysander Spooner on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard?

Yes. All 80 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #36161 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #36161, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard take to read?

About 6 minutes of reading across 16 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard section by section

How to work through A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Exercise
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Legislative
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Power
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whatever
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.