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A Modern Symposium
A Modern Symposium

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of A Modern Symposium is here in full — 386 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/77 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.
For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.
And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.
I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.
Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Modern Symposium

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of A Modern Symposium is here in full — 386 sentences across 78 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/77 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.
/frʌm ðɪs ɪt ˈfɑːloʊz ðæt maɪ aɪˈdiːl ʌv ə ˈpɑːləti ɪz ərˌɪstəˈkrætɪk/
Line 2
For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.
/fɔːr ə klæs ʌv ˈdʒentəlmɪn ˌpriːsəˈpoʊzɪz ˈklæsəz ʌv ˈwɜːrkərz tuː səˈpɔːrt ɪt/
Line 3
And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.
/ənd ðiːz frʌm ðə aɪˈdiːl pɔɪnt ʌv vjuː mʌst biː rɪˈɡɑːrdɪd æz mɪr miːnz/
Line 4
I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.
/aɪ duː nɑːt seɪ ðæt ðæt ɪz dʒʌst aɪ duː nɑːt seɪ ɪt ɪz wʌt wiː ʃʊd tʃuːz bʌt aɪ æm ʃʊr ɪt ɪz ðə lɔː ʌv ðə wɜːrld ɪn wɪtʃ wiː laɪv/
Line 5
Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.
/θruː ðə hoʊl relm ʌv ˈneɪtʃər ˈevəri kaɪnd ɪɡˈzɪsts ˈoʊnli tuː biː ðə miːnz ʌv səˈpɔːrtɪŋ laɪf ɪn əˈnʌðər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aristocratic adjective US /ərˌɪstəˈkrætɪk/

belonging to or characteristic of the nobility or aristocracy

From this reading “"From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.”

classes noun US /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading “For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.”

exists verb US /ɪɡˈzɪsts/

third-person singular of “exist” — have an existence, be extant

From this reading “Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.”

polity noun US /ˈpɑːləti/

the form of government of a social organization

From this reading “"From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.”

presupposes verb US /ˌpriːsəˈpoʊzɪz/

third-person singular of “presuppose” — take for granted or as a given; suppose beforehand

From this reading “For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.”

realm noun US /relm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading “Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.”

supporting adjective US /səˈpɔːrtɪŋ/

furnishing support and encouragement

From this reading “Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.”

workers noun US /ˈwɜːrkərz/

plural of “worker” — a person who works at a specific occupation

From this reading “For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.”

All words in this reading · 59

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

aristocraticadjectiveUS /ərˌɪstəˈkrætɪk/

belonging to or characteristic of the nobility or aristocracy

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

chooseverbUS /tʃuːz/

pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.

classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

existsverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪsts/

third-person singular of “exist” — have an existence, be extant

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

followsverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊz/

third-person singular of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

gentlemennounUS /ˈdʒentəlmɪn/

plural of “gentleman” — a man of refinement

From this reading For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

idealadjectiveUS /aɪˈdiːl/

conforming to an ultimate standard of perfection or excellence; embodying an ideal

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

liveverbUS /laɪv/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

mereadjectiveUS /mɪr/

being nothing more than specified

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

politynounUS /ˈpɑːləti/

the form of government of a social organization

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

presupposesverbUS /ˌpriːsəˈpoʊzɪz/

third-person singular of “presuppose” — take for granted or as a given; suppose beforehand

From this reading For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.

realmnounUS /relm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

regardedverbUS /rɪˈɡɑːrdɪd/

past form of “regard” — deem to be

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

supportnounUS /səˈpɔːrt/

the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities

From this reading For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.

supportingadjectiveUS /səˈpɔːrtɪŋ/

furnishing support and encouragement

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

sureadjectiveUS /ʃʊr/

having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading "From this it follows that my ideal of a polity is aristocratic.

ThroughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading And these, from the ideal point of view, must be regarded as mere means.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading Through the whole realm of nature every kind exists only to be the means of supporting life in another.

workersnounUS /ˈwɜːrkərz/

plural of “worker” — a person who works at a specific occupation

From this reading For a class of gentlemen presupposes classes of workers to support it.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading I do not say that that is just; I do not say it is what we should choose; but I am sure it is the law of the world in which we live.

Chapter 4 of A Modern Symposium by G. Lowes (Goldsworthy Lowes) Dickinson holds 386 sentences, grouped into 78 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of A Modern Symposium contain?

Chapter 4 holds 386 sentences of A Modern Symposium, unabridged, divided into 78 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of A Modern Symposium by G. Lowes (Goldsworthy Lowes) Dickinson exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 386 sentences, grouped into 78 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of A Modern Symposium?

Work through the 78 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 78 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Modern Symposium

Common questions about reading A Modern Symposium by G. Lowes (Goldsworthy Lowes) Dickinson on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Modern Symposium?

Yes. All 1693 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #30432 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Modern Symposium is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #30432, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Modern Symposium take to read?

About 141 minutes of reading across 339 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Modern Symposium section by section

How to work through A Modern Symposium section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 4 chapters of A Modern Symposium to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Modern Symposium

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Modern Symposium, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Geoffry
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Modern Symposium; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Vivian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Modern Symposium; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letters
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Modern Symposium; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Modern
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Modern Symposium; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.