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A Poor Gentleman
A Poor Gentleman

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of A Poor Gentleman is here in full — 125 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/25 · 5 lines
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KEEPING UP APPEARANCES.
The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.
The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.
Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?
She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Poor Gentleman

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of A Poor Gentleman is here in full — 125 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/25 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
KEEPING UP APPEARANCES.
/ˈkiːpɪŋ ʌp əˈpɪrənsəz/
Line 2
The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.
Line 3
The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.
Line 4
Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?
Line 5
She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.
/ʃiː sɔː soʊ tuː spiːk hæf ə maɪl ɔːf ðoʊz ˈtendənsiz ʌv ˌkɑːnvərˈseɪʃən wɪtʃ maɪt led tuː hɪm ənd wɪð ə ˈsʌdən liːp wʊd ɡet əˈweɪ frʌm ðiːz tuː əˈnʌðər ənd əˈnʌðər θiːm wɪtʃ iːtʃ ɪn ɪts tɜːrn wʊd hæv tuː biː dɪˈsmɪst ənd əˈvɔɪdɪd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

exhaust verb US /ɪɡˈzɔːst/

wear out completely

From this reading “Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?”

expenditure noun US /ɪkˈspendətʃər/

money paid out; an amount spent

From this reading “The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.”

graver noun US /ˈɡreɪvər/

a tool used by an engraver

From this reading “Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?”

noting verb US /ˈnoʊtɪŋ/

-ing form of “note” — make mention of

From this reading “The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.”

tendencies noun US /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading “She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.”

topics noun US /ˈtɑːpɪks/

plural of “topic” — the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading “Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?”

unappreciated adjective US /ˌʌnəˈpriːʃieɪtɪd/

not likely to be rewarded

From this reading “The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.”

unhappiness noun US /ənˈhæpinɪs/

emotions experienced when not in a state of well-being

From this reading “The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

sudden leap adjective + noun

In this reading “She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.”

get away verb + particle

run away from confinement

In this reading “She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.”

at a distance preposition + article + noun counted as “at … distance”

In this reading “Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?”

carry on verb + particle

direct the course of; manage or control

In this reading “The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.”

All words in this reading · 110

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

anxiousadjectiveUS /ˈæŋkʃəs/

eagerly desirous

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

APPEARANCESnounUS /əˈpɪrənsəz/

plural of “appearance” — outward or visible aspect of a person or thing

From this reading KEEPING UP APPEARANCES.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

avoidedverbUS /əˈvɔɪdɪd/

past form of “avoid” — stay clear from; keep away from; keep out of the way of someone or something

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

believedverbUS /bɪˈliːvd/

past form of “believe” — accept as true; take to be true

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

burdennounUS /ˈbɜːrdən/

an onerous or difficult concern

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

carryverbUS /ˈkæri/

move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

conclusionsnounUS /kənˈkluːʒənz/

plural of “conclusion” — a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

conversationnounUS /ˌkɑːnvərˈseɪʃən/

the use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas or information etc.

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

discussionnounUS /dɪˈskʌʃən/

an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

dismissedadjectiveUS /dɪˈsmɪst/

having lost your job

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

distancenounUS /ˈdɪstəns/

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

effortnounUS /ˈefərt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

effortsnounUS /ˈefərts/

plural of “effort” — earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

employedadjectiveUS /emˈplɔɪd/

having your services engaged for; or having a job especially one that pays wages or a salary

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

equalverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

exertionnounUS /ɪɡˈzɜːrʃən/

use of physical or mental energy; hard work

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

exhaustverbUS /ɪɡˈzɔːst/

wear out completely

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

expenditurenounUS /ɪkˈspendətʃər/

money paid out; an amount spent

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

formingverbUS /ˈfɔːrmɪŋ/

-ing form of “form” — create (as an entity)

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

giganticadjectiveUS /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/

so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant or mammoth

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

gravernounUS /ˈɡreɪvər/

a tool used by an engraver

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

keepverbUS /kiːp/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

KEEPINGnounUS /ˈkiːpɪŋ/

conformity or harmony

From this reading KEEPING UP APPEARANCES.

LadynounUS /ˈleɪdi/

a polite name for any woman

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

leadverbUS /led/

take somebody somewhere

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

leapnounUS /liːp/

a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

milenounUS /maɪl/

a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

notingverbUS /ˈnoʊtɪŋ/

-ing form of “note” — make mention of

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

occurredverbUS /əˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “occur” — come to pass

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

ordinarynounUS /ˈɔːrdəneri/

a judge of a probate court

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

Penton

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

Pentons

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

RussellnounUS /ˈrʌsəl/

United States religious leader who founded the sect that is now called Jehovah's Witnesses (1852-1916)

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

ShepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

signsnounUS /saɪnz/

plural of “sign” — a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

smileverbUS /smaɪl/

change one's facial expression by spreading the lips, often to signal pleasure

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

stayedverbUS /steɪd/

past form of “stay” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

strongeradjectiveUS /ˈstrɔːŋər/

comparative of “strong” — having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

subjectsnounUS /ˈsʌbdʒɪkts/

plural of “subject” — the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

suddenadjectiveUS /ˈsʌdən/

happening without warning or in a short space of time

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

talkverbUS /tɔːk/

exchange thoughts; talk with

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

tendenciesnounUS /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

themenounUS /θiːm/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

topicsnounUS /ˈtɑːpɪks/

plural of “topic” — the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

trivialadjectiveUS /ˈtrɪviəl/

(informal) small and of little importance

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

unappreciatedadjectiveUS /ˌʌnəˈpriːʃieɪtɪd/

not likely to be rewarded

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

unhappinessnounUS /ənˈhæpinɪs/

emotions experienced when not in a state of well-being

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

UPadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading KEEPING UP APPEARANCES.

visitorsnounUS /ˈvɪzɪtərz/

plural of “visitor” — someone who visits

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

WalternounUS /ˈwɔːltər/

German conductor (1876-1962)

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Who can tell the burden it was to talk, to smile, to exhaust all the trivial subjects that occurred to her, to keep at a distance all those graver topics which might bring in Walter--which might lead to discussion of where he was or how employed?

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The Russell Pentons stayed a long time--at least, these anxious people thought so, who believed their visitors to be noting the signs of their unhappiness, and forming still stronger and stronger conclusions against their son.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

womennounUS /ˈwɪmən/

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading She saw, so to speak, half a mile off those tendencies of conversation which might lead to him, and, with a sudden leap, would get away from these to another and another theme, which each in its turn would have to be dismissed and avoided.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The effort Lady Penton made to carry on the conversation was one of those efforts, gigantic, unappreciated, in which women have sometimes to make an expenditure of strength which is equal to years of ordinary exertion.

Chapter 31 of A Poor Gentleman by Mrs. (Margaret) Oliphant holds 125 sentences, grouped into 25 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of A Poor Gentleman contain?

Chapter 31 holds 125 sentences of A Poor Gentleman, unabridged, divided into 25 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of A Poor Gentleman by Mrs. (Margaret) Oliphant exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 125 sentences, grouped into 25 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of A Poor Gentleman?

Work through the 25 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 25 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Poor Gentleman

Common questions about reading A Poor Gentleman by Mrs. (Margaret) Oliphant on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Poor Gentleman?

Yes. All 8342 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #61782 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Poor Gentleman is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #61782, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Poor Gentleman take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1669 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through A Poor Gentleman section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Poor Gentleman

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Poor Gentleman, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Families
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Poor Gentleman; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
House
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Poor Gentleman; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Penton
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Poor Gentleman; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Greatest
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Poor Gentleman; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.