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A Struggle for Rome, v. 1
A Struggle for Rome, v. 1

Chapter XIX · Chapter 19

Chapter 19 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.
In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.
Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.
The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.
Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Struggle for Rome, v. 1

Chapter XIX · Chapter 19

Chapter 19 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.
Line 2
In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.
Line 3
Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.
/ˈdʒenərəli ðə ˈmeri fiːsts ʌv ðə ˈeɪn.ʃənt ɡɑːdz stɪl ɪɡˈzɪstəd təˈɡeðər wɪð ðə ɡreɪt ˈhɑːlədeɪz ʌv ðə ˈkrɪstʃən tʃɜːrtʃ ðoʊ ˈjuːʒəwəli rɑːbd ʌv ðer ərˈɪdʒənəl səɡˈnɪfɪkəns ʌv ðer rɪˈlɪdʒəs ˈkɜːrnəl/
Line 4
The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.
/ðə ˈpiːpəl əˈlaʊd ðemˈselvz tuː biː dɪˈpraɪvd ʌv ðə bɪˈliːf ɪn ˈdʒuːpətər ənd ˈdʒuːnoʊ ʌv ˈsækrəfaɪsɪz ənd ˈserəmoʊniz bʌt nɑːt ʌv ðə ɡeɪmz ðə feˈstɪvətiz ðə ˈdænsəz ənd ˈbæŋkwəts baɪ wɪtʃ ðoʊz ˈserəmoʊniz hæd bɪn əˈkʌmpənid ənd ðə tʃɜːrtʃ wɑːz æt ɔːl taɪmz waɪz ənd ˈtɑːlərənt ɪˈnʌf tuː ˈsʌfər wʌt ʃiː kʊd nɑːt prɪˈvent/
Line 5
Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

abolished verb US /əˈbɑːlɪʃt/

past form of “abolish” — do away with

From this reading “Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.”

banquets noun US /ˈbæŋkwəts/

plural of “banquet” — a ceremonial dinner party for many people

From this reading “The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.”

contrasts noun US /ˈkɑːntræsts/

plural of “contrast” — the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared

From this reading “In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.”

feasts noun US /fiːsts/

plural of “feast” — a ceremonial dinner party for many people

From this reading “Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.”

festivals noun US /ˈfestəvəlz/

plural of “festival” — a day or period of time set aside for feasting and celebration

From this reading “In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.”

juxtaposition noun US /ˌdʒʌkstəpəˈzɪʃən/

the act of positioning close together (or side by side)

From this reading “In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.”

kernel noun US /ˈkɜːrnəl/

the inner and usually edible part of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone

From this reading “Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.”

tolerant adjective US /ˈtɑːlərənt/

showing respect for the rights or opinions or practices of others

From this reading “The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Several weeks adjective + noun counted as “several week”

In this reading “Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.”

great difficulty adjective + noun

In this reading “Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.”

all times adjective + noun

In this reading “The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.”

seemed very verb + adjective counted as “seem very”

In this reading “Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.”

in a circle preposition + article + noun counted as “in … circle”

In this reading “Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.”

in the year preposition + article + noun counted as “in … year”

In this reading “Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.”

All words in this reading · 120

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

496

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

abolishedverbUS /əˈbɑːlɪʃt/

past form of “abolish” — do away with

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

accompaniedadjectiveUS /əˈkʌmpənid/

having companions or an escort

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

allowedverbUS /əˈlaʊd/

past form of “allow” — make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

banquetsnounUS /ˈbæŋkwəts/

plural of “banquet” — a ceremonial dinner party for many people

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

beliefnounUS /bɪˈliːf/

any cognitive content held as true

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

ceremoniesnounUS /ˈserəmoʊniz/

plural of “ceremony” — a formal event performed on a special occasion

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

ChristianadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪstʃən/

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

ChristianitynounUS /ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti/

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

ChurchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

circlenounUS /ˈsɜːrkəl/

ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

Constantine's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

contrastsnounUS /ˈkɑːntræsts/

plural of “contrast” — the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

conversionnounUS /kənˈvɜːrʒən/

an event that results in a transformation

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

dancesnounUS /ˈdænsəz/

plural of “dance” — an artistic form of nonverbal communication

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

deprivedadjectiveUS /dɪˈpraɪvd/

marked by deprivation especially of the necessities of life or healthful environmental influences

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

difficultynounUS /ˈdɪfəkəlti/

an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

excessnounUS /ˈekses/

a quantity much larger than is needed

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

existedverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪstəd/

past form of “exist” — have an existence, be extant

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

feastsnounUS /fiːsts/

plural of “feast” — a ceremonial dinner party for many people

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

festivalsnounUS /ˈfestəvəlz/

plural of “festival” — a day or period of time set aside for feasting and celebration

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

festivitiesnounUS /feˈstɪvətiz/

plural of “festivity” — any joyous diversion

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

filledadjectiveUS /fɪld/

(usually followed by “with” or used as a combining form) generously supplied with

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

gamesnounUS /ɡeɪmz/

plural of “game” — a contest with rules to determine a winner

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

GenerallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

godsnounUS /ɡɑːdz/

plural of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

gravenounUS /ɡreɪv/

death of a person

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

grossadjectiveUS /ɡroʊs/

before any deductions

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

harshadjectiveUS /hɑːrʃ/

unpleasantly stern

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

heathennounUS /ˈhiːðən/

a person who does not acknowledge your god

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

heathenismnoun

any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

holidaysnounUS /ˈhɑːlədeɪz/

plural of “holiday” — leisure time away from work devoted to rest or pleasure

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

ill-suited

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

JunonounUS /ˈdʒuːnoʊ/

(Roman mythology) queen of the Olympian gods who protected marriage; wife and sister of Jupiter; counterpart of Greek Hera

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

JupiternounUS /ˈdʒuːpətər/

the largest planet and the 5th from the sun; has many satellites and is one of the brightest objects in the night sky

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

juxtapositionnounUS /ˌdʒʌkstəpəˈzɪʃən/

the act of positioning close together (or side by side)

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

kernelnounUS /ˈkɜːrnəl/

the inner and usually edible part of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

loftyadjectiveUS /ˈlɔːfti/

of high moral or intellectual value; elevated in nature or style

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

Lupercalia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

merryadjectiveUS /ˈmeri/

full of or showing high-spirited merriment

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

minglingnounUS /ˈmɪŋɡəlɪŋ/

the action of people mingling and coming into contact

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

originaladjectiveUS /ərˈɪdʒənəl/

preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

peacefuladjectiveUS /ˈpiːsfəl/

not disturbed by strife or turmoil or war

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

playedadjectiveUS /pleɪd/

(of games) engaged in

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

PrefectnounUS /ˈpriːfekt/

a chief officer or chief magistrate

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

preventverbUS /prɪˈvent/

keep from happening or arising; make impossible

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

robbedverbUS /rɑːbd/

inflected form of “rob” — take something away by force or without the consent of the owner

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

rudeadjectiveUS /ruːd/

socially incorrect in behavior

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

sacrificesnounUS /ˈsækrəfaɪsɪz/

plural of “sacrifice” — the act of losing or surrendering something as a penalty for a mistake or fault or failure to perform etc.

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

SeveraladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

significancenounUS /səɡˈnɪfɪkəns/

the quality of being significant

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

singularadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡjələr/

unusual or striking

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

strikingadjectiveUS /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/

sensational in appearance or thrilling in effect

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

succeedingadjectiveUS /səkˈsiːdɪŋ/

coming after or following

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

sufferverbUS /ˈsʌfər/

undergo or be subjected to

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

superstitionnounUS /ˌsuːpərˈstɪʃən/

an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

tolerantadjectiveUS /ˈtɑːlərənt/

showing respect for the rights or opinions or practices of others

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

trulyadverbUS /ˈtruːli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading Generally the merry feasts of the ancient gods still existed, together with the great holidays of the Christian Church, though usually robbed of their original significance, of their religious kernel.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

weeksnounUS /wiːks/

plural of “week” — any period of seven consecutive days

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Several weeks later we find the grave Prefect in a circle which seemed very ill-suited to his lofty character, or even to his age.

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading The people allowed themselves to be deprived of the belief in Jupiter and Juno, of sacrifices and ceremonies, but not of the games, the festivities, the dances and banquets, by which those ceremonies had been accompanied; and the Church was at all times wise and tolerant enough to suffer what she could not prevent.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading In the singular juxtaposition of heathenism and Christianity which, during the first century succeeding Constantine's conversion, filled the life and manners of the Roman world with such harsh contrasts, the peaceful mingling of the old and the new religious festivals played a striking part.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Thus, even the truly heathen Lupercalia, which were distinguished by gross superstition and all kinds of rude excess, were only, and with great difficulty, abolished in the year 496.

Chapter 19 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 by Felix Dahn holds 54 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 19 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 contain?

Chapter 19 holds 54 sentences of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 19 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 by Felix Dahn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 54 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 19 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 19 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 19 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, v. 1

Common questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 by Felix Dahn on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 6602 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #32271 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #32271, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 take to read?

About 550 minutes of reading across 1321 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 section by section

How to work through A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 39 chapters of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 to begin.

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Struggle for Rome, v. 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Struggle for Rome, v. 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Struggle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Felix
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wolffsohn
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Anything
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.