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A Struggle for Rome, v. 1
A Struggle for Rome, v. 1

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 is here in full — 166 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/33 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.
The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.
"As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.
Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.
He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Struggle for Rome, v. 1

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 is here in full — 166 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/33 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.
Line 2
The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.
Line 3
"As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.
Line 4
Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.
Line 5
He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.
/hiː rɪˈpiːtɪdli dɪˈmændəd ðæt aɪ ʃʊd ækˈsept ðə ˈɔːfɪs ʌv dɪkˈteɪtər ənd ˈlɪtərəli pʊt hɪz sɔːrd tuː maɪ brest ˈʃaʊtɪŋ ðæt aɪ ʃʊd biː kəmˈpeld tuː sɜːrv ðə ˈfɑːðərlænd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

concluding adjective US /kənˈkluːdɪŋ/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading “"As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.”

Dictator noun US /dɪkˈteɪtər/

a speaker who dictates to a secretary or a recording machine

From this reading “He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.”

exchanging verb US /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “exchange” — give to, and receive from, one another

From this reading “The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.”

fatherland noun US /ˈfɑːðərlænd/

the country where you were born

From this reading “He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.”

inventions noun US /ˌɪnˈvenʃənz/

plural of “invention” — the creation of something in the mind

From this reading “"As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.”

Ravenna noun US /rəˈvenə/

a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512

From this reading “"As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.”

reminiscences noun US /ˌreməˈnɪsənsɪz/

plural of “reminiscence” — a mental impression retained and recalled from the past

From this reading “The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.”

rumours noun US /ˈruːmərz/

plural of “rumour” — gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth

From this reading “"As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fiery temper adjective + noun

In this reading “Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.”

few weeks adjective + noun counted as “few week”

In this reading “A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.”

new acquaintance adjective + noun

In this reading “A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.”

simple meal adjective + noun

In this reading “The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.”

all events adjective + noun counted as “all event”

In this reading “"As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.”

two men noun + noun

In this reading “The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.”

in order preposition + noun

in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement

In this reading “The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.”

talk over verb + particle

speak with others about (something); talk (something) over in detail; have a discussion

In this reading “The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.”

All words in this reading · 118

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

acceptverbUS /ækˈsept/

consider or hold as true

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

acquaintancenounUS /əˈkweɪntəns/

personal knowledge or information about someone or something

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

affairsnounUS /əˈferz/

matters of personal concern

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

alarmingadjectiveUS /əˈlɑːrmɪŋ/

frightening because of an awareness of danger

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

ambassadornounUS /æmˈbæsədər/

a diplomat of the highest rank; accredited as representative from one country to another

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

attendantsnounUS /əˈtendənts/

plural of “attendant” — someone who waits on or tends to or attends to the needs of another

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

breastnounUS /brest/

the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

CaesarnounUS /ˈsiːzər/

conqueror of Gaul and master of Italy (100-44 BC)

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

Cethegus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

compelledverbUS /kəmˈpeld/

inflected form of “compel” — force somebody to do something

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

concludingadjectiveUS /kənˈkluːdɪŋ/

occurring at or forming an end or termination

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

confidentialadjectiveUS /ˌkɑːnfəˈdenʃəl/

entrusted with private information and the confidence of another

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

containingverbUS /kənˈteɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “contain” — include or contain; have as a component

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

convincedadjectiveUS /kənˈvɪnst/

persuaded of; very sure

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

coolnessnounUS /ˈkuːlnəs/

calm and unruffled self-assurance

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

demandedverbUS /dɪˈmændəd/

past form of “demand” — request urgently and forcefully

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

DictatornounUS /dɪkˈteɪtər/

a speaker who dictates to a secretary or a recording machine

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

dinner-room

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

EmperornounUS /ˈempərər/

the male ruler of an empire

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

EmpressnounUS /ˈempres/

a woman emperor or the wife of an emperor

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

emptiedverbUS /ˈemptid/

inflected form of “empty” — make void or empty of contents

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

enthusiasmnounUS /ɪnˈθuːziæzəm/

a feeling of excitement

From this reading Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.

eventsnounUS /ɪˈvents/

plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.

exaggeratedadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪtəd/

represented as greater than is true or reasonable

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

exchangingverbUS /ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ/

-ing form of “exchange” — give to, and receive from, one another

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

excitementnounUS /ɪkˈsaɪtmənt/

the feeling of lively and cheerful joy

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

fatherlandnounUS /ˈfɑːðərlænd/

the country where you were born

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

fellow-students

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

fieryadjectiveUS /ˈfaɪəri/

characterized by intense emotion

From this reading Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

flasknounUS /flæsk/

bottle that has a narrow neck

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

foolishadjectiveUS /ˈfuːlɪʃ/

devoid of good sense or judgment

From this reading Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

inventionsnounUS /ˌɪnˈvenʃənz/

plural of “invention” — the creation of something in the mind

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

Justiniannoun

Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians; codified Roman law in 529; his general Belisarius regained North Africa and Spain (483-565)

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

literallyadverbUS /ˈlɪtərəli/

in a literal sense

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

Lucinius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.

Lucius

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.

Massikian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

mealnounUS /miːl/

the food served and eaten at one time

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

myselfpronounUS /ˌmaɪˈself/

used when the speaker is also the object of the action

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

officenounUS /ˈɔːfɪs/

place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

opposedadjectiveUS /əˈpoʊzd/

being in opposition or having an opponent

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

Petros

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

RavennanounUS /rəˈvenə/

a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

reminiscencesnounUS /ˌreməˈnɪsənsɪz/

plural of “reminiscence” — a mental impression retained and recalled from the past

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

repeatedlyadverbUS /rɪˈpiːtɪdli/

several time

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

reportsnounUS /rɪˈpɔːrts/

plural of “report” — a written document describing the findings of some individual or group

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

roomnounUS /ruːm/

an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

rumoursnounUS /ˈruːmərz/

plural of “rumour” — gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

serveverbUS /sɜːrv/

serve a purpose, role, or function

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

sharedadjectiveUS /ʃerd/

have in common; held or experienced in common

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

shoutingnounUS /ˈʃaʊtɪŋ/

encouragement in the form of cheers from spectators

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

simpleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪmpəl/

having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

spoiltadjective

having the character or disposition harmed by pampering or oversolicitous attention

From this reading Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.

statuenounUS /ˈstætʃuː/

a sculpture representing a human or animal

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

swordnounUS /sɔːrd/

a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard

From this reading He repeatedly demanded that I should accept the office of Dictator, and literally put his sword to my breast, shouting that I should be compelled to serve the fatherland.

talkverbUS /tɔːk/

exchange thoughts; talk with

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

tempernounUS /ˈtempər/

a sudden outburst of anger

From this reading Lucius Lucinius, with his fiery temper and foolish enthusiasm, almost spoilt everything.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

undisturbedadjectiveUS /ˌʌndɪˈstɜːrbd/

untroubled by interference or disturbance

From this reading The two men had shared a simple meal and had emptied a flask of old Massikian together, exchanging reminiscences of past times--they had been fellow-students, as we already know--and had just left the dinner-room for the study of Cethegus, in order, undisturbed by the attendants, to talk over more confidential affairs.

utmostadjectiveUS /ˈʌtmoʊst/

of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

weeksnounUS /wiːks/

plural of “week” — any period of seven consecutive days

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

well-knownadjectiveUS /ˈwelˈnoʊn/

widely or fully known

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading A few weeks later, we find Cethegus in the well-known room containing the statue of Caesar, together with our new acquaintance, Petros, the ambassador of the Emperor Justinian, or rather of the Empress.

zealnounUS /ziːl/

a feeling of strong eagerness (usually in favor of a person or cause)

From this reading "As soon as I had convinced myself," said Cethegus, concluding his account of late events, "that the alarming reports from Ravenna were only rumours--perhaps inventions, and, at all events, exaggerated--I opposed the utmost coolness to the excitement and zeal of my friends.

Chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 by Felix Dahn holds 166 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 contain?

Chapter 31 holds 166 sentences of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1, unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 by Felix Dahn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 166 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1?

Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, v. 1

Common questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 by Felix Dahn on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 6602 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #32271 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #32271, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 550 minutes of reading across 1321 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through A Struggle for Rome, v. 1 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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Vocabulary met early in A Struggle for Rome, v. 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Struggle for Rome, v. 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Struggle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Felix
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wolffsohn
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Anything
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.