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A Struggle for Rome, v. 2
A Struggle for Rome, v. 2

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 is here in full — 145 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for A Struggle for Rome, v. 2
Context Illustration Reading 1/29 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.
His first walk was to the monument of Kallistratos.
He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.
While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.
The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Struggle for Rome, v. 2

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 is here in full — 145 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/29 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.
Line 2
His first walk was to the monument of Kallistratos.
Line 3
He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.
/hiː leɪd ə riːθ ʌv ˈlɔːrəlz ənd ˈroʊzɪz əˈpɑːn ðə blæk ˈmɑːrbəl slæb/
Line 4
While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.
Line 5
The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.
/ðə ˈkɑːntents wɜːr lɑːˈkɑːnɪk ɪˈnʌf pʊt æn end tuː ɪt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

armistice noun US /ˈɑːrməstəs/

a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms

From this reading “On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.”

fortifications noun US /ˌfɔːrtəfəˈkeɪʃənz/

plural of “fortification” — defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it

From this reading “While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.”

laconic adjective US /lɑːˈkɑːnɪk/

brief and to the point; effectively cut short

From this reading “The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.”

laurels noun US /ˈlɔːrəlz/

a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading “He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.”

legionaries noun US /ˈliːdʒəneriz/

plural of “legionary” — a soldier who is a member of a legion (especially the French Foreign Legion)

From this reading “On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.”

Mausoleum noun US /ˌmɔːsəˈliːəm/

a large burial chamber, usually above ground

From this reading “On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.”

slab noun US /slæb/

block consisting of a thick piece of something

From this reading “He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.”

strengthening noun US /ˈstreŋθənɪŋ/

becoming stronger

From this reading “While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

marble slab noun + noun

In this reading “He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.”

black marble adjective + noun

In this reading “He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.”

Put an end verb + article + noun counted as “put … end”

In this reading “The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.”

upon the walls preposition + article + noun counted as “upon … wall”

In this reading “On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.”

last day adjective + noun

(New Testament) day at the end of time following Armageddon when God will decree the fates of all individual humans according to the good and evil of their earthly lives

In this reading “On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.”

appear upon verb + particle

In this reading “On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.”

All words in this reading · 57

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.

ableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

appearverbUS /əˈpɪr/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

armisticenounUS /ˈɑːrməstəs/

a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

Cethegus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

cheersnounUS /tʃɪrz/

plural of “cheer” — a cry or shout of approval

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

contentsnounUS /ˈkɑːntents/

(usually plural) everything that is included in a collection and that is held or included in something

From this reading The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading His first walk was to the monument of Kallistratos.

fortificationsnounUS /ˌfɔːrtəfəˈkeɪʃənz/

plural of “fortification” — defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

greetedverbUS /ˈɡriːtəd/

past form of “greet” — express greetings upon meeting someone

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

Isaurians

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.

Kallistratos

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading His first walk was to the monument of Kallistratos.

laconicadjectiveUS /lɑːˈkɑːnɪk/

brief and to the point; effectively cut short

From this reading The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

laurelsnounUS /ˈlɔːrəlz/

a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.

legionariesnounUS /ˈliːdʒəneriz/

plural of “legionary” — a soldier who is a member of a legion (especially the French Foreign Legion)

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

loudadjectiveUS /laʊd/

characterized by or producing sound of great volume or intensity

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

marblenounUS /ˈmɑːrbəl/

a hard crystalline metamorphic rock that takes a high polish; used for sculpture and as building material

From this reading He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.

Mataswintha

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

MausoleumnounUS /ˌmɔːsəˈliːəm/

a large burial chamber, usually above ground

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

monumentnounUS /ˈmɑːnjuːmənt/

a structure erected to commemorate persons or events

From this reading His first walk was to the monument of Kallistratos.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

PutverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.

rosesnounUS /ˈroʊzɪz/

plural of “rose” — any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.

slabnounUS /slæb/

block consisting of a thick piece of something

From this reading He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.

strengtheningnounUS /ˈstreŋθənɪŋ/

becoming stronger

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

superintending

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

Syphax

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

walknounUS /wɔːk/

the act of traveling by foot

From this reading His first walk was to the monument of Kallistratos.

wallsnounUS /wɔːlz/

plural of “wall” — an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The contents were laconic enough: "Put an end to it.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

WhileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading While he was superintending the strengthening of the fortifications from this point, Syphax brought him a letter from Mataswintha.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading On the last day of the armistice, Cethegus was again able to appear upon the walls of the Mausoleum, where his legionaries and Isaurians greeted him with loud cheers.

wreathnounUS /riːθ/

flower arrangement consisting of a circular band of foliage or flowers for ornamental purposes

From this reading He laid a wreath of laurels and roses upon the black marble slab.

Chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 by Felix Dahn holds 145 sentences, grouped into 29 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 contain?

Chapter 31 holds 145 sentences of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2, unabridged, divided into 29 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 by Felix Dahn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 145 sentences, grouped into 29 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2?

Work through the 29 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 29 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, v. 2

Common questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 by Felix Dahn on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2?

Yes. All 7655 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #32330 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #32330, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1531 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 section by section

How to work through A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 38 chapters of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Struggle for Rome, v. 2

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Struggle for Rome, v. 2, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Evening
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Third
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Arrival
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Gothic
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, v. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.