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A Struggle for Rome, V. 3
A Struggle for Rome, V. 3

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 is here in full — 157 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/31 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.
The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.
After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.
For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.
He had, indeed, almost to refound it.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Struggle for Rome, V. 3

Chapter XII

Chapter 12 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 is here in full — 157 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/31 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.
Line 2
The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.
/ðə ˈheviəst tæsk ʌv ɔːl ðə wɔːr siːmd tuː biː kəmˈpliːtəd/
Line 3
After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.
Line 4
For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.
Line 5
He had, indeed, almost to refound it.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

forts noun US /fɔːrts/

plural of “fort” — a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading “After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.”

generals noun US /ˈdʒenərəlz/

plural of “general” — a general officer of the highest rank

From this reading “For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.”

heaviest adjective US /ˈheviəst/

superlative of “heavy” — of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading “The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.”

reducing noun US /rəˈduːsɪŋ/

any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent

From this reading “For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.”

rejoicing noun US /rɪˈdʒɔɪsɪŋ/

a feeling of great happiness

From this reading “Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.”

siege noun US /siːdʒ/

the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack

From this reading “After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.”

Thenceforth adverb US /ˌðenˈsfɔːrθ/

from that time on

From this reading “Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.”

undertook verb US /ˌʌndərˈtʊk/

inflected form of “undertake” — enter upon an activity or enterprise

From this reading “For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

heaviest task adjective + noun counted as “heavy task”

In this reading “The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.”

on the coast preposition + article + noun counted as “on … coast”

In this reading “After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

Aligern

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading He had, indeed, almost to refound it.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

Apenninesnoun

a mountain range extending the length of the Italian peninsula

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

coastnounUS /koʊst/

the shore of a sea or ocean

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

completedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpliːtəd/

successfully completed or brought to an end

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

disturbedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɜːrbd/

having the place or position changed

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

fallverbUS /fɔːl/

descend in free fall under the influence of gravity

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

forthadverbUS /fɔːrθ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

fortsnounUS /fɔːrts/

plural of “fort” — a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

gatesnounUS /ɡeɪts/

United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955)

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

generalsnounUS /ˈdʒenərəlz/

plural of “general” — a general officer of the highest rank

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

Grippa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

Guntharis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He had, indeed, almost to refound it.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

heaviestadjectiveUS /ˈheviəst/

superlative of “heavy” — of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading He had, indeed, almost to refound it.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading He had, indeed, almost to refound it.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

kingdomnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

Markja

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

rebellionnounUS /rɪˈbeljən/

refusal to accept some authority or code or convention

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

reducingnounUS /rəˈduːsɪŋ/

any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

refound

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had, indeed, almost to refound it.

rejoicingnounUS /rɪˈdʒɔɪsɪŋ/

a feeling of great happiness

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

remainedverbUS /rɪˈmeɪnd/

past form of “remain” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

RomenounUS /roʊm/

capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

siegenounUS /siːdʒ/

the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

splendournoun

a quality that outshines the usual

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

tasknounUS /tæsk/

any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

Teja

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

ThenceforthadverbUS /ˌðenˈsfɔːrθ/

from that time on

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

Totila

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

undertookverbUS /ˌʌndərˈtʊk/

inflected form of “undertake” — enter upon an activity or enterprise

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading After the fall of Rome, most of the small forts on the coast and in the Apennines opened their gates; very few remained to be taken by siege.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The heaviest task of all the war seemed to be completed.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading For this purpose the King sent forth his generals, Teja, Guntharis, Grippa, Markja, and Aligern; while he himself undertook the difficult political task of reducing to order the kingdom so long disturbed by war or rebellion.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Thenceforth King Totila held his court in Rome with much splendour and rejoicing.

Chapter 12 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 by Felix Dahn holds 157 sentences, grouped into 32 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 contain?

Chapter 12 holds 157 sentences of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3, unabridged, divided into 32 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 by Felix Dahn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 157 sentences, grouped into 32 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3?

Work through the 32 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 32 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, V. 3

Common questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 by Felix Dahn on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3?

Yes. All 6462 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #32377 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #32377, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 take to read?

About 538 minutes of reading across 1293 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 section by section

How to work through A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 37 chapters of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Struggle for Rome, V. 3

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Struggle for Rome, V. 3, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Witichis
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Thanks
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Precautions
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taken
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.