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A Struggle for Rome, V. 3
A Struggle for Rome, V. 3

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 is here in full — 75 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
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Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.
Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.
Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.
A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.
A block of lava, covered with the skin of the black tiger, formed his last throne.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Struggle for Rome, V. 3

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 is here in full — 75 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.
Line 2
Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.
Line 3
Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.
Line 4
A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.
Line 5
A block of lava, covered with the skin of the black tiger, formed his last throne.
/ə blɑːk ʌv ˈlɑːvə ˈkʌvərd wɪð ðə skɪn ʌv ðə blæk ˈtaɪɡər fɔːrmd hɪz læst θroʊn/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

banner noun US /ˈbænər/

long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising

From this reading “Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.”

blocks noun US /blɑːks/

plural of “block” — a solid piece of something (usually having flat rectangular sides)

From this reading “Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.”

chasm noun US /ˈkæzəm/

a deep opening in the earth's surface

From this reading “Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.”

lava noun US /ˈlɑːvə/

rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos; lava is what magma is called when it reaches the surface

From this reading “Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.”

mantle noun US /ˈmæntəl/

the cloak as a symbol of authority

From this reading “A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.”

Ravine noun US /rəˈviːn/

a deep narrow steep-sided valley (especially one formed by running water)

From this reading “Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.”

spears noun US /spɪrz/

plural of “spear” — a long pointed rod used as a tool or weapon

From this reading “A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.”

Vesuvius noun US /vəˈsuːviəs/

a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; a Plinian eruption in 79 AD buried Pompeii and killed Pliny the Elder; last erupted in 1944

From this reading “Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

most sacred adverb + adjective

In this reading “Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.”

dark curtain noun + noun

In this reading “A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.”

of lava preposition + noun

In this reading “Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.”

pass on verb + particle

place into the hands or custody of

In this reading “Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

AboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

bannernounUS /ˈbænər/

long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising

From this reading Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

blocknounUS /blɑːk/

a solid piece of something (usually having flat rectangular sides)

From this reading A block of lava, covered with the skin of the black tiger, formed his last throne.

blocksnounUS /blɑːks/

plural of “block” — a solid piece of something (usually having flat rectangular sides)

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

chambernounUS /ˈtʃeɪmbər/

a natural or artificial enclosed space

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

chasmnounUS /ˈkæzəm/

a deep opening in the earth's surface

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

chosennounUS /ˈtʃoʊzən/

one who is the object of choice; who is given preference

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

concealedadjectiveUS /kənˈsiːld/

not accessible to view

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

corpsenounUS /kɔːrps/

the dead body of a human being

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading A block of lava, covered with the skin of the black tiger, formed his last throne.

curtainnounUS /ˈkɜːrtən/

hanging cloth used as a blind (especially for a window)

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

fixedadjectiveUS /fɪkst/

(of a number) having a fixed and unchanging value

From this reading Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

fournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

Goths

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

hallnounUS /hɔːl/

an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

lavanounUS /ˈlɑːvə/

rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos; lava is what magma is called when it reaches the surface

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

mantlenounUS /ˈmæntəl/

the cloak as a symbol of authority

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

mouthnounUS /maʊθ/

the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge

From this reading Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.

narrowverbUS /ˈneroʊ/

make or become more narrow or restricted

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

passverbUS /pæs/

go across or through

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

possessionnounUS /pəˈzeʃən/

the act of having and controlling property

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

purplenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəl/

a purple color or pigment

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

RavinenounUS /rəˈviːn/

a deep narrow steep-sided valley (especially one formed by running water)

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

rockyadjectiveUS /ˈrɑːki/

abounding in rocks or stones

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

royaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

sacredadjectiveUS /ˈseɪkrəd/

concerned with religion or religious purposes

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

skinnounUS /skɪn/

a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch

From this reading A block of lava, covered with the skin of the black tiger, formed his last throne.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

spearsnounUS /spɪrz/

plural of “spear” — a long pointed rod used as a tool or weapon

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

stretchedadjectiveUS /stretʃt/

(of muscles) relieved of stiffness by stretching

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

Teja

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

Theodoric

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

Theodoric's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.

thronenounUS /θroʊn/

the chair of state for a monarch, bishop, etc.

From this reading A block of lava, covered with the skin of the black tiger, formed his last throne.

tigernounUS /ˈtaɪɡər/

a fierce or audacious person

From this reading A block of lava, covered with the skin of the black tiger, formed his last throne.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

treasurenounUS /ˈtreʒər/

accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading A purple mantle, stretched upon four spears, formed the dark curtain to the rocky chamber which the last King of the Goths had chosen for his royal hall.

VesuviusnounUS /vəˈsuːviəs/

a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; a Plinian eruption in 79 AD buried Pompeii and killed Pliny the Elder; last erupted in 1944

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Theodoric's banner was fixed before the mouth of this chasm.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Above the narrow pass on Vesuvius, which we will call the Ravine of the Goths, a small but deep chasm had been formed by the black blocks of lava.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading A block of lava, covered with the skin of the black tiger, formed his last throne.

WithinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading Within it King Teja had concealed the most sacred possession of the nation--the corpse of King Theodoric and the royal treasure.

Chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 by Felix Dahn holds 75 sentences, grouped into 15 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 contain?

Chapter 31 holds 75 sentences of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3, unabridged, divided into 15 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 by Felix Dahn exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 75 sentences, grouped into 15 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3?

Work through the 15 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 15 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, V. 3

Common questions about reading A Struggle for Rome, V. 3 by Felix Dahn on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 6462 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #32377 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #32377, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 538 minutes of reading across 1293 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in A Struggle for Rome, V. 3

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Struggle for Rome, V. 3, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Witichis
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Thanks
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Precautions
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Taken
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Struggle for Rome, V. 3; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.