Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

(usually followed by “to”) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

commonly used or practiced; usual

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

later than; following

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

the state of being allied or confederated

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

the alliance of nations that fought the Axis in World War II and which (with subsequent additions) signed the charter of the United Nations in 1945

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

the feeling that accompanies something extremely surprising

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

plural of “arcadian” — an inhabitant of Arcadia

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

(used of persons or the military) characterized by having or bearing arms

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

a resident of Athens

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

plural of “athenian” — a resident of Athens

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

the territory of Athens in ancient Greece where the Ionic dialect was spoken

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

inflected form of “befall” — become of; happen to

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

behave as expected during of holidays or rites

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

plural of “chief” — a person who is in charge

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

plural of “corinthian” — a man devoted to the pursuit of pleasure

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

cause to be slowed down or delayed

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

an urgent or peremptory request

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

a diplomatic building where ambassadors live or work

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

plural of “excuse” — a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

a day or period of time set aside for feasting and celebration

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

inflected form of “flee” — run away quickly

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

past form of “hasten” — act or move at high speed

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

having a heading or course in a certain direction

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

plural of “helot” — (Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

the side or slope of a hill

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

where you live at a particular time

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

a person who invites guests to a social event (such as a party in his or her own home) and who is responsible for them while they are there

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

throw forcefully

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

a condition of urgency making it necessary to hurry

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

remaining in place

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

plural of “infantryman” — fights on foot with small arms

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

moving to the inside of something

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

someone who enters by force in order to conquer

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areas

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

immediately past

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

take somebody somewhere

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

impose and collect

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

without good reason

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

in like or similar manner

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

engage in

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

in a northern direction

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

on one occasion

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

by necessity; by force of circumstance

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

plural of “persian” — a native or inhabitant of Iran

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

unmistakably (“plain” is often used informally for “plainly”)

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

compacted by ironing

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

make a promise or commitment

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

members of a governing board

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

plural of “salami” — highly seasoned fatty sausage of pork and beef usually dried

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

the act of causing something to go (especially messages)

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

a male human offspring

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim

From this reading If not, Aristeides spoke plainly, his people must perforce close alliance with Mardonius.

past form of “start” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

after the expected or usual time; delayed

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

in the direction of

From this reading Likewise all the allies of Lacedæmon—Corinthians, Sicyonians, Elians, Arcadians—began to hurry toward the Isthmus.

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.

past form of “venture” — proceed somewhere despite the risk of possible dangers

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

used to ask for information about something

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading Almost to the amazement of the Athenian chiefs, so accustomed were they to Dorian doltishness and immobility, after a ten days’ delay and excuses that “they must celebrate their festival the Hyacinthia,” the ephors called forth their whole levy.

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

in the company of; together with

From this reading WHAT BEFELL ON THE HILLSIDE Once more the Persians pressed into Attica, once more the Athenians,—or such few of them as had ventured home in the winter,—fled with their movables to Salamis or Peloponnesus, and an embassy, headed by Aristeides, hastened to Sparta to demand for the last time that the tardy ephors make good their promise in sending forth their infantry to hurl back the invader.

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading Ten thousand heavy infantrymen with a host of lightly armed “helots”(11) were started northward under the able lead of Pausanias, the regent for Leonidas’s young son.