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A year in China
A year in China

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of A year in China is here in full — 78 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
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All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.
In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.
Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.
There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.
The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A year in China

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of A year in China is here in full — 78 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.
Line 2
In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.
/ɪn sʌm ʌv ðə ˈnɔːrðərn ˈprɑːvənsəz ðə ˈwɪmən ʌv ˈevəri klæs ɑːr æt ɔːl taɪmz siːn wɪð ˈbjuːtəfəl ˈflaʊərz ɪn ðer her bʌt æt ˈkæntən ənd æt ðə saʊθ ˈdʒenərəli wiː əbˈzɜːrvd ðæt ðɪs ˈteɪstfəl ˈfæʃən wɑːz kənˈfaɪnd tuː ðə ˈleɪdiz/
Line 3
Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.
/əˈmʌŋ ðə ˈflaʊərz juːzd tuː ˈɔːrnəmənt ðə her ʌv ðə fjuː tʃaɪˈniːz ˈleɪdiz wiː met æt ˈkæntən ðə roʊz wɑːz kənˈspɪkjuːəs ənd wiː lɜːrnd ðæt ɪt wɑːz æz ɡreɪt ə ˈfeɪvərɪt əˈmʌŋ ðə tʃaɪˈniːz æz ɪt ɪz wɪð ʌs/
Line 4
There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.
/ðer ɑːr ˈtwenti ˈneɪtɪv ˈspiːʃiz ʌv ðə roʊz ɪn ˈtʃaɪnə bɪˈsaɪdz ə ɡʊd ˈmeni vərˈaɪətiz ənd ɪt ɪz ˈveri ɪkˈstensɪvli ˈkʌltəveɪtɪd/
Line 5
The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.
/ðə ˈwɪmən ˈveri ˈsɪriəsli ˈɪndʒər ðer skɪn baɪ ðə friː juːs ʌv kɑːzˈmetɪks/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Canton noun US /ˈkæntən/

a city on the Zhu Jiang delta in southern China; the capital of Guangdong province and a major deep-water port

From this reading “In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.”

cosmetics noun US /kɑːzˈmetɪks/

plural of “cosmetic” — a toiletry designed to beautify the body

From this reading “The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.”

cultivation noun US /ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən/

socialization through training and education to develop one's mind or manners

From this reading “All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.”

extensively adverb US /ɪkˈstensɪvli/

in a widespread way

From this reading “There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.”

provinces noun US /ˈprɑːvənsəz/

plural of “province” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading “In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.”

styles noun US /staɪlz/

plural of “style” — how something is done or how it happens

From this reading “All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.”

tasteful adjective US /ˈteɪstfəl/

having or showing or conforming to good taste

From this reading “In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.”

varieties noun US /vərˈaɪətiz/

plural of “variety” — a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading “There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

beautiful flowers adjective + noun counted as “beautiful flower”

In this reading “In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.”

Among the flowers preposition + article + noun counted as “among … flower”

In this reading “Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.”

many varieties adjective + noun counted as “many variety”

In this reading “There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.”

all times adjective + noun

In this reading “In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.”

All words in this reading · 82

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

AmongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

arrangementnounUS /ərˈeɪndʒmənt/

the thing arranged or agreed to

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

attentionnounUS /əˈtenʃən/

the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

beautifuladjectiveUS /ˈbjuːtəfəl/

delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

besidesprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪdz/

in addition to; as well as

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.

CantonnounUS /ˈkæntən/

a city on the Zhu Jiang delta in southern China; the capital of Guangdong province and a major deep-water port

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

ChinanounUS /ˈtʃaɪnə/

a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

ChinesenounUS /tʃaɪˈniːz/

any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China; regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

confinedadjectiveUS /kənˈfaɪnd/

not invading healthy tissue

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

conspicuousadjectiveUS /kənˈspɪkjuːəs/

obvious to the eye or mind

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

cosmeticsnounUS /kɑːzˈmetɪks/

plural of “cosmetic” — a toiletry designed to beautify the body

From this reading The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.

cultivatedadjectiveUS /ˈkʌltəveɪtɪd/

(of land or fields) prepared for raising crops by plowing or fertilizing

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

cultivationnounUS /ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən/

socialization through training and education to develop one's mind or manners

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

displaynounUS /dɪˈspleɪ/

something intended to communicate a particular impression

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

extensivelyadverbUS /ɪkˈstensɪvli/

in a widespread way

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

favoritenounUS /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

something regarded with special favor or liking

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

flowersnounUS /ˈflaʊərz/

plural of “flower” — a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

injureverbUS /ˈɪndʒər/

cause injuries or bodily harm to

From this reading The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

ladiesnounUS /ˈleɪdiz/

plural of “lady” — a polite name for any woman

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

learnedadjectiveUS /lɜːrnd/

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

NorthernadjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

ornamentverbUS /ˈɔːrnəmənt/

make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

ornamenting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

payverbUS /peɪ/

give money, usually in exchange for goods or services

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

picturesqueadjectiveUS /ˈpɪktʃərəsk/

suggesting or suitable for a picture; pretty as a picture

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

provincesnounUS /ˈprɑːvənsəz/

plural of “province” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

seriouslyadverbUS /ˈsɪriəsli/

in a serious manner

From this reading The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.

skinnounUS /skɪn/

a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch

From this reading The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

SouthnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

speciesnounUS /ˈspiːʃiz/

(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

stylesnounUS /staɪlz/

plural of “style” — how something is done or how it happens

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

tasteverbUS /teɪst/

To perceive flavor through the mouth.

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

tastefuladjectiveUS /ˈteɪstfəl/

having or showing or conforming to good taste

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

twentynounUS /ˈtwenti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading The women very seriously injure their skin by the free use of cosmetics.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading Among the flowers used to ornament the hair of the few Chinese ladies we met at Canton, the rose was conspicuous, and we learned that it was as great a favorite among the Chinese as it is with us.

varietiesnounUS /vərˈaɪətiz/

plural of “variety” — a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading There are twenty native species of the rose in China, besides a good many varieties, and it is very extensively cultivated.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

wearingnounUS /ˈwerɪŋ/

(geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it)

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In some of the Northern provinces the women of every class are at all times seen with beautiful flowers in their hair; but at Canton, and at the South generally, we observed that this tasteful fashion was confined to the ladies.

womennounUS /ˈwɪmən/

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading All classes of women in China pay much attention to the cultivation and arrangement of the hair, and often display much taste in their picturesque styles of wearing and ornamenting it.

Chapter 11 of A year in China by Martha Noyes Williams holds 78 sentences, grouped into 16 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of A year in China contain?

Chapter 11 holds 78 sentences of A year in China, unabridged, divided into 16 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of A year in China by Martha Noyes Williams exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 78 sentences, grouped into 16 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of A year in China?

Work through the 16 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 16 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A year in China

Common questions about reading A year in China by Martha Noyes Williams on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A year in China?

Yes. All 2567 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #76474 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A year in China is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #76474, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A year in China take to read?

About 213 minutes of reading across 514 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A year in China section by section

How to work through A year in China section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 16 chapters of A year in China to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A year in China

Words and structures a reader meets early in A year in China, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Enclosed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A year in China; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A year in China; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Italics
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A year in China; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Equal
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A year in China; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.