Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great
A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great is here in full — 141 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great
Context Illustration Reading 1/28 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”
Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.
It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.
The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.
In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great is here in full — 141 sentences across 29 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/28 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”
Line 2
Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.
/sʌtʃ ɪn ˈsʌbstəns wɑːz wʌt ˈevəri wʌn ɪn ðə ˌmæsəˈdoʊnjən ˈɑːrmi wɑːz ˈseɪɪŋ ɔːr ˈθɪŋkɪŋ æz ðeɪ ˈstrʌɡəld θruː ðə ˈdeɪndʒərəs ənd ˈdɪfəkəlt fɔːrd ʌv ðə ˈtaɪɡrəs/
Line 3
It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.
/ɪt wɑːz ˌɪnˈdiːd ə ˈkrɔːsɪŋ wɪtʃ ˈiːvɪn ə fjuː ˈrezəluːt men ˈpoʊstɪd ɑːn ðə ˈɑːpəzət ʃɔːr wʊd hæv meɪd dɪˈzæstrəs ɪf nɑːt ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl tuː ðə ədˈvænsɪŋ ˈɑːrmi/
Line 4
The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.
Line 5
In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

accoutrements noun US /əˈkuːtərmənts/

plural of “accoutrement” — clothing that is worn or carried, but not part of your main clothing

From this reading “In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.”

disastrous adjective US /dɪˈzæstrəs/

(of events) having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin

From this reading “It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.”

Macedonian noun US /ˌmæsəˈdoʊnjən/

a native or inhabitant of Macedon

From this reading “Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.”

Persians noun US /ˈpɜːrʒənz/

plural of “persian” — a native or inhabitant of Iran

From this reading “ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.””

shifting adjective US /ˈʃɪftɪŋ/

continuously varying

From this reading “In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.”

Tigris noun US /ˈtaɪɡrəs/

an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River

From this reading “Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.”

trod verb US /trɑːd/

inflected form of “tread” — put down or press the foot, place the foot

From this reading “In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.”

two-thirds noun US /ˌtuːˈθɜːrdz/

two of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading “The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fully justified adverb + adjective

In this reading “The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.”

vast amount adjective + noun

In this reading “The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.”

rapid current adjective + noun

In this reading “The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.”

opposite shore adjective + noun

In this reading “It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.”

upper part adjective + noun

In this reading “The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.”

enormous weight adjective + noun

In this reading “In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.”

about two-thirds preposition + noun

In this reading “The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.”

trod on verb + particle counted as “tread on”

place or press the foot on

In this reading “In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.”

All words in this reading · 120

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

60

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

accoutrementsnounUS /əˈkuːtərmənts/

plural of “accoutrement” — clothing that is worn or carried, but not part of your main clothing

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

acrossprepositionUS /əˈkrɔːs/

from one side of something to the other

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

advancingadjectiveUS /ədˈvænsɪŋ/

moving forward

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

amountnounUS /əˈmaʊnt/

a quantity of money

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

ARBELA

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

armournounUS /ˈɑːrmər/

a military unit consisting of armored fighting vehicles

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

ArrownounUS /ˈæroʊ/

a mark to indicate a direction or relation

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

boldadjectiveUS /boʊld/

fearless and daring

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

breakverbUS /breɪk/

terminate

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

carryverbUS /ˈkæri/

move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

cavalrynounUS /ˈkævəlri/

troops trained to fight on horseback

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

crossingnounUS /ˈkrɔːsɪŋ/

traveling across

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

currentnounUS /ˈkɜːrənt/

a flow of electricity through a conductor

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

dangerousadjectiveUS /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/

involving or causing danger or risk; liable to hurt or harm

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

disastrousadjectiveUS /dɪˈzæstrəs/

(of events) having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

enormousadjectiveUS /ɪˈnɔːrməs/

extraordinarily large in size or extent or amount or power or degree

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

fordnounUS /fɔːrd/

United States film maker (1896-1973)

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

frightenedadjectiveUS /ˈfraɪtənd/

made afraid

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

fullyadverbUS /ˈfʊli/

to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely; (“full” in this sense is used as a combining form)

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

impossibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɑːsəbəl/

not capable of occurring or being accomplished or dealt with

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

infantrynounUS /ˈɪnfəntri/

an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

justifiedadjectiveUS /ˈdʒʌstəfaɪd/

having words so spaced that lines have straight even margins

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

keepingnounUS /ˈkiːpɪŋ/

conformity or harmony

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

labournounUS /ˈleɪbər/

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

lances

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

lossnounUS /lɔːs/

something that is lost

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

lowestadjectiveUS /ˈloʊəst/

lowest in rank or importance

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

MacedoniannounUS /ˌmæsəˈdoʊnjən/

a native or inhabitant of Macedon

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

meaningnounUS /ˈmiːnɪŋ/

the message that is intended or expressed or signified

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

necksnounUS /neks/

plural of “neck” — the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

oppositeadjectiveUS /ˈɑːpəzət/

being directly across from each other; facing

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

PersiansnounUS /ˈpɜːrʒənz/

plural of “persian” — a native or inhabitant of Iran

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

postedadjectiveUS /ˈpoʊstɪd/

publicly displayed

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

rapidadjectiveUS /ˈræpəd/

done or occurring in a brief period of time

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

resoluteadjectiveUS /ˈrezəluːt/

firm in purpose or belief; characterized by firmness and determination

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

river-bed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

saveprepositionUS /seɪv/

except for; apart from

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

sayingnounUS /ˈseɪɪŋ/

a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

SeptembernounUS /sepˈtembər/

the month following August and preceding October

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

shiftingadjectiveUS /ˈʃɪftɪŋ/

continuously varying

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

shorenounUS /ʃɔːr/

the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

steadyverbUS /ˈstedi/

make steady

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

stonesnounUS /stoʊnz/

plural of “stone” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

streamnounUS /striːm/

a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

struggledverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəld/

past form of “struggle” — make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

substancenounUS /ˈsʌbstəns/

the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

thinkingnounUS /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

the process of using your mind to consider something carefully

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

TigrisnounUS /ˈtaɪɡrəs/

an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

trodverbUS /trɑːd/

inflected form of “tread” — put down or press the foot, place the foot

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

two-thirdsnounUS /ˌtuːˈθɜːrdz/

two of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

upperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

vastadjectiveUS /væst/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading ARBELA “These Persians must be either very much frightened or very bold, if they have nothing to say to us at such a place as this.”

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

weightnounUS /weɪt/

the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity

From this reading In their lances and armour, not to speak of other accoutrements, the men had to carry an enormous weight; they trod on a river-bed of shifting stones, and the water was nearly up to their necks.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Such in substance was what every one in the Macedonian army was saying or thinking as they struggled through the dangerous and difficult ford of the Tigris.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading The stream was at its lowest—the time was about two-thirds through the month of September—but the rapid current fully justified the name of the “Arrow,” for such is the meaning of the word Tigris.[60] The cavalry, keeping as steady a line as they could across the upper part of the ford, did their best to break the force of the stream, but did not save the infantry from a vast amount of labour and some loss.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading It was indeed a crossing which even a few resolute men posted on the opposite shore would have made disastrous, if not impossible, to the advancing army.

Chapter 21 of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great by Alfred John Church holds 141 sentences, grouped into 29 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great contain?

Chapter 21 holds 141 sentences of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great, unabridged, divided into 29 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great by Alfred John Church exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 141 sentences, grouped into 29 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great?

Work through the 29 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 29 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 21 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great

Common questions about reading A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great by Alfred John Church on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great?

Yes. All 4026 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #60182 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #60182, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great take to read?

About 335 minutes of reading across 806 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great section by section

How to work through A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 28 chapters of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great

Words and structures a reader meets early in A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Alfred
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Church
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lately
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Professor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of A Young Macedonian in the Army of Alexander the Great; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.