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Actions and reactions
Actions and reactions

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Actions and reactions is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Actions and reactions
Context Illustration Reading 18/42 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.
In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.
At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.
But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.
All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Actions and reactions

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of Actions and reactions is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 18/42 · 5 reading units · Lines 86–90

Line 1
Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.
Line 2
In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.
Line 3
At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.
Line 4
But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.
Line 5
All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.
/ɔːl ðɪs wɪˈðɪn ə ˈhʌndrəd maɪlz ʌv ˈlʌndən hiː sed/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

fallow adjective US /ˈfæloʊ/

left unplowed and unseeded during a growing season

From this reading “Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.”

feigning noun US /ˈfeɪnɪŋ/

pretending with intention to deceive

From this reading “Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.”

lucerne noun US /ˈluːsərn/

important European leguminous forage plant with trifoliate leaves and blue-violet flowers grown widely as a pasture and hay crop

From this reading “Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.”

rampant adjective US /ˈræmpənt/

unrestrained and violent

From this reading “Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.”

tapestries noun US /ˈtæpəstriz/

plural of “tapestry” — something that resembles a tapestry in its intricacy

From this reading “But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.”

thistles noun US /ˈθɪsəlz/

plural of “thistle” — any of numerous plants of the family Compositae and especially of the genera Carduus and Cirsium and Onopordum having prickly-edged leaves

From this reading “Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.”

undermined verb US /ˌʌndərˈmaɪnd/

past form of “undermine” — destroy property or hinder normal operations

From this reading “At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.”

wreckage noun US /ˈrekədʒ/

the remaining parts of something that has been wrecked

From this reading “At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading “All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

bottomnounUS /ˈbɑːtəm/

the lower side of anything

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

breadthnounUS /bredθ/

the capacity to understand a broad range of topics

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

brilliantadjectiveUS /ˈbrɪljənt/

of surpassing excellence

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

brooknounUS /brʊk/

a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river)

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

caughtverbUS /kɑːt/

inflected form of “catch” — discover or come upon accidentally, suddenly, or unexpectedly; catch somebody doing something or in a certain state

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

cropnounUS /krɑːp/

the yield from plants in a single growing season

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

dieverbUS /daɪ/

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

fallowadjectiveUS /ˈfæloʊ/

left unplowed and unseeded during a growing season

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

feigningnounUS /ˈfeɪnɪŋ/

pretending with intention to deceive

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

footbridgenoun

a bridge designed for pedestrians

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

frothed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

ghostnounUS /ɡoʊst/

a mental representation of some haunting experience

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

glistenedverbUS /ˈɡlɪsənd/

past form of “glisten” — be shiny, as if wet

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

harshadjectiveUS /hɑːrʃ/

unpleasantly stern

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading “All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.

HereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading “All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

kelk

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

lawfuladjectiveUS /ˈlɔːfəl/

conformable to or allowed by law

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading “All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.

lucernenounUS /ˈluːsərn/

important European leguminous forage plant with trifoliate leaves and blue-violet flowers grown widely as a pasture and hay crop

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

milesnounUS /maɪlz/

plural of “mile” — a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading “All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

pasturesnounUS /ˈpæstʃərz/

plural of “pasture” — a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

patchnounUS /pætʃ/

a small contrasting part of something

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

rampantadjectiveUS /ˈræmpənt/

unrestrained and violent

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

refusedverbUS /rəˈfjuːzd/

past form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

ruinedadjectiveUS /ˈruːənd/

destroyed physically or morally

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading “All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.

slopesnounUS /sloʊps/

plural of “slope” — an elevated geological formation

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

stuffnounUS /stʌf/

the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

surrenderedverbUS /sərˈendərd/

past form of “surrender” — give up or agree to forgo to the power or possession of another

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

swaths

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

sweatnounUS /swet/

salty fluid secreted by sweat glands

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

talladjectiveUS /tɔːl/

great in vertical dimension; high in stature

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

tapestriesnounUS /ˈtæpəstriz/

plural of “tapestry” — something that resembles a tapestry in its intricacy

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading “All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.

thistlesnounUS /ˈθɪsəlz/

plural of “thistle” — any of numerous plants of the family Compositae and especially of the genera Carduus and Cirsium and Onopordum having prickly-edged leaves

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

underminedverbUS /ˌʌndərˈmaɪnd/

past form of “undermine” — destroy property or hinder normal operations

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

unfaded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

ungrazed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

valleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

wallsnounUS /wɔːlz/

plural of “wall” — an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In the ungrazed pastures swaths of dead stuff caught their feet, and the ground beneath glistened with sweat.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading “All this within a hundred miles of London,” he said.

woodsnounUS /wʊdz/

the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading But there stood great woods on the slopes beyond--old, tall, and brilliant, like unfaded tapestries against the walls of a ruined house.

wreckagenounUS /ˈrekədʒ/

the remaining parts of something that has been wrecked

From this reading At the bottom of the valley a little brook had undermined its footbridge, and frothed in the wreckage.

yard-high

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here they found the ghost of a patch of lucerne that had refused to die: there a harsh fallow surrendered to yard-high thistles; and here a breadth of rampant kelk feigning to be lawful crop.

Chapter 1 of Actions and reactions by Rudyard Kipling holds 213 sentences, grouped into 43 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Actions and reactions contain?

Chapter 1 holds 213 sentences of Actions and reactions, unabridged, divided into 43 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Actions and reactions by Rudyard Kipling exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 213 sentences, grouped into 43 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Actions and reactions?

Work through the 43 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 43 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Actions and reactions

Common questions about reading Actions and reactions by Rudyard Kipling on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Actions and reactions?

Yes. All 4931 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2381 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Actions and reactions is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2381, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Actions and reactions take to read?

About 410 minutes of reading across 987 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Actions and reactions section by section

How to work through Actions and reactions section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 24 chapters of Actions and reactions to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Actions and reactions

Words and structures a reader meets early in Actions and reactions, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Friend
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Actions and reactions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cause
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Actions and reactions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wrest
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Actions and reactions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Folly
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Actions and reactions; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.