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Addison
Addison

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Addison is here in full — 122 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/24 · 5 lines
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THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE.
The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.
In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.
Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.
The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Addison

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Addison is here in full — 122 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/24 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE.
/ðə læst jɪrz ʌv hɪz laɪf/
Line 2
The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.
Line 3
In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.
Line 4
Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.
/ˌwʌˈtevər wɜːr ðə ˈmerəts ɔːr diˈmerəts ʌv ðə ˈpɑːləsi ɪmˈbɑːdid ɪn ðɪs ˈɪnstrəmənt ɪt ˈɔːfərd ˈmeni pɔɪnts ʌv əˈtæk tuː ə ˈkɑːmpækt ənd ˈvɪɡərəs ˌɑːpəˈzɪʃən/
Line 5
The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.
/ðə moʊst ˈseɪliənt ʌv ðiːz wɑːz pərˈhæps ðə əˈledʒd ˈsækrəfaɪs ʌv ˈbrɪtɪʃ kəˈmɜːrʃəl ˈɪntrəsts θruː ðə ˌɪnˈkɑːmpətəns ɔːr kərˈʌpʃən ʌv ðə nɪˈɡoʊʃieɪtərz ənd ɑːn ðɪs ˈkwestʃən ðə wɪɡz əˈkɔːrdɪŋli reɪzd ˈviːəmənt ənd riˈɪtəreɪtɪd dəˈbeɪts/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

debates noun US /dəˈbeɪts/

plural of “debate” — a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal

From this reading “The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.”

demerits noun US /diˈmerəts/

plural of “demerit” — a mark against a person for misconduct or failure; usually given in school or armed forces

From this reading “Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.”

embodied adjective US /ɪmˈbɑːdid/

possessing or existing in bodily form

From this reading “Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.”

incompetence noun US /ˌɪnˈkɑːmpətəns/

lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications

From this reading “The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.”

negotiators noun US /nɪˈɡoʊʃieɪtərz/

plural of “negotiator” — someone who negotiates (confers with others in order to reach a settlement)

From this reading “The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.”

reiterated verb US /riˈɪtəreɪtɪd/

past form of “reiterate” — to say, state, or perform again

From this reading “The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.”

salient adjective US /ˈseɪliənt/

having a quality that thrusts itself into attention

From this reading “The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.”

Whigs noun US /wɪɡz/

plural of “whig” — a member of the political party that urged social reform in 18th and 19th century England; was the opposition party to the Tories

From this reading “The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

commercial interests adjective + noun counted as “commercial interest”

In this reading “The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.”

on the stage preposition + article + noun counted as “on … stage”

In this reading “The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.”

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

accordinglyadverbUS /əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

allegedadjectiveUS /əˈledʒd/

declared but not proved

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

announcedadjectiveUS /əˈnaʊnst/

declared publicly; made widely known

From this reading In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.

attacknounUS /əˈtæk/

(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

Cato

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

commercialadjectiveUS /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

compactnounUS /ˈkɑːmpækt/

a small cosmetics case with a mirror; to be carried in a woman's purse

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

corruptionnounUS /kərˈʌpʃən/

lack of integrity or honesty (especially susceptibility to bribery); use of a position of trust for dishonest gain

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

debatesnounUS /dəˈbeɪts/

plural of “debate” — a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

demeritsnounUS /diˈmerəts/

plural of “demerit” — a mark against a person for misconduct or failure; usually given in school or armed forces

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

embodiedadjectiveUS /ɪmˈbɑːdid/

possessing or existing in bodily form

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

fortunesnounUS /ˈfɔːrtʃənz/

plural of “fortune” — an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

HISdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

incompetencenounUS /ˌɪnˈkɑːmpətəns/

lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

instrumentnounUS /ˈɪnstrəmənt/

a device that requires skill for proper use

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

interestsnounUS /ˈɪntrəsts/

plural of “interest” — a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

LASTadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE.

LIFEnounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

meetingnounUS /ˈmiːtɪŋ/

a formally arranged gathering

From this reading In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.

meritsnounUS /ˈmerəts/

plural of “merit” — any admirable quality or attribute

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

negotiatorsnounUS /nɪˈɡoʊʃieɪtərz/

plural of “negotiator” — someone who negotiates (confers with others in order to reach a settlement)

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE.

offeredverbUS /ˈɔːfərd/

past form of “offer” — make available or accessible, provide or furnish

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

OppositionnounUS /ˌɑːpəˈzɪʃən/

the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

ParliamentnounUS /ˈpɑːrləmənt/

a legislative assembly in certain countries

From this reading In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.

perhapsadverbUS /pərˈhæps/

by chance

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

pointsnounUS /pɔɪnts/

plural of “point” — a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

policynounUS /ˈpɑːləsi/

a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

QueennounUS /kwiːn/

the only fertile female in a colony of social insects such as bees and ants and termites; its function is to lay eggs

From this reading In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

reiteratedverbUS /riˈɪtəreɪtɪd/

past form of “reiterate” — to say, state, or perform again

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

representationnounUS /ˌreprəzenˈteɪʃən/

a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

sacrificenounUS /ˈsækrəfaɪs/

the act of losing or surrendering something as a penalty for a mistake or fault or failure to perform etc.

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

salientadjectiveUS /ˈseɪliənt/

having a quality that thrusts itself into attention

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.

signaturenounUS /ˈsɪɡnətʃər/

your name written in your own handwriting

From this reading In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

TreatynounUS /ˈtriːti/

a written agreement between two states or sovereigns

From this reading In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.

turningnounUS /ˈtɜːrnɪŋ/

the act of changing or reversing the direction of the course

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

Utrechtnoun

a city in the central Netherlands

From this reading In the same month the Queen announced, on the meeting of Parliament, the signature of the Treaty of Utrecht.

vehementadjectiveUS /ˈviːəmənt/

marked by extreme intensity of emotions or convictions; inclined to react violently; fervid

From this reading The most salient of these was, perhaps, the alleged sacrifice of British commercial interests through the incompetence or corruption of the negotiators, and on this question the Whigs accordingly raised vehement and reiterated debates.

vigorousadjectiveUS /ˈvɪɡərəs/

characterized by forceful and energetic action or activity

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

WhateverdeterminerUS /ˌwʌˈtevər/

any or all of a kind, it does not matter which

From this reading Whatever were the merits or demerits of the policy embodied in this instrument, it offered many points of attack to a compact and vigorous Opposition.

WhigsnounUS /wɪɡz/

plural of “whig” — a member of the political party that urged social reform in 18th and 19th century England; was the opposition party to the Tories

From this reading The representation of _Cato_ on the stage was a turning point in the political fortunes of the Whigs.

YEARSnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading THE LAST YEARS OF HIS LIFE.

Chapter 8 of Addison by William John Courthope holds 122 sentences, grouped into 25 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Addison contain?

Chapter 8 holds 122 sentences of Addison, unabridged, divided into 25 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Addison by William John Courthope exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 122 sentences, grouped into 25 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Addison?

Work through the 25 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 25 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Addison

Common questions about reading Addison by William John Courthope on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Addison?

Yes. All 1770 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #41496 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Addison is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #41496, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Addison take to read?

About 147 minutes of reading across 354 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Addison section by section

How to work through Addison section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Addison

Words and structures a reader meets early in Addison, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Addison; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Letters
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Addison; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Edited
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Addison; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Morley
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Addison; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.