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Affirmations
Affirmations

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Affirmations is here in full — 480 sentences across 96 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Affirmations
Context Illustration Reading 1/96 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.
He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.
He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.
Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.
Polytheism opened up divine horizons of freedom to humanity.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Affirmations

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of Affirmations is here in full — 480 sentences across 96 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/96 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.
Line 2
He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.
Line 3
He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.
/hiː held ðæt ˈpɑːliːθiɪzəm hæd pleɪd æn ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt pɑːrt ɪn ðə ˌevəˈluːʃən ʌv ˈkʌltʃər/
Line 4
Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.
Line 5
Polytheism opened up divine horizons of freedom to humanity.
/ˈpɑːliːθiɪzəm ˈoʊpənd ʌp dɪˈvaɪn hərˈaɪzənz ʌv ˈfriːdəm tuː hjuːˈmænɪti/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

assert verb US /əˈsɜːrt/

state categorically

From this reading “He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.”

condemnation noun US /ˌkɑːndəmˈneɪʃən/

an expression of strong disapproval; pronouncing as wrong or morally culpable

From this reading “It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.”

evolution noun US /ˌevəˈluːʃən/

a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)

From this reading “He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.”

horizons noun US /hərˈaɪzənz/

plural of “horizon” — the line at which the sky and Earth appear to meet

From this reading “Polytheism opened up divine horizons of freedom to humanity.”

polytheism noun US /ˈpɑːliːθiɪzəm/

belief in multiple Gods

From this reading “He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.”

sensitiveness noun US /ˈsensətɪvnəs/

sensitivity to emotional feelings (of self and others)

From this reading “He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.”

sovereignty noun US /ˈsɑːvrənti/

government free from external control

From this reading “Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.”

supernatural noun US /ˌsuːpərˈnætʃərəl/

supernatural forces and events and beings collectively

From this reading “Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

important part adjective + noun

In this reading “He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.”

scarcely necessary adverb + adjective

In this reading “It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

addverbUS /æd/

make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

assertverbUS /əˈsɜːrt/

state categorically

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

beingsnounUS /ˈbiːɪŋz/

plural of “being” — the state or fact of existing

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

ChristianadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪstʃən/

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

ChristianitynounUS /ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti/

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

condemnationnounUS /ˌkɑːndəmˈneɪʃən/

an expression of strong disapproval; pronouncing as wrong or morally culpable

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

conqueredverbUS /ˈkɑːŋkərd/

past form of “conquer” — bring under control by force or authority

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

consciencenounUS /ˈkɑːnʃəns/

motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

culturenounUS /ˈkʌltʃər/

a particular society at a particular time and place

From this reading He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

divineadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪn/

emanating from God

From this reading Polytheism opened up divine horizons of freedom to humanity.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

evolutionnounUS /ˌevəˈluːʃən/

a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)

From this reading He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.

extendedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstendəd/

relatively long in duration; tediously protracted

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

father-confessor

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

finallyadverbUS /ˈfaɪnəli/

after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading Polytheism opened up divine horizons of freedom to humanity.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

GodsnounUS /ɡɑːdz/

plural of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.

heroesnounUS /ˈhɪroʊz/

plural of “hero” — a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

horizonsnounUS /hərˈaɪzənz/

plural of “horizon” — the line at which the sky and Earth appear to meet

From this reading Polytheism opened up divine horizons of freedom to humanity.

humanitynounUS /hjuːˈmænɪti/

the quality of being humane

From this reading Polytheism opened up divine horizons of freedom to humanity.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.

individualadjectiveUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

inestimableadjective

beyond calculation or measure

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

moralitynounUS /mərˈæləti/

concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong; right or good conduct

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

Nietzsche's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading Polytheism opened up divine horizons of freedom to humanity.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.

playedadjectiveUS /pleɪd/

(of games) engaged in

From this reading He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.

polytheismnounUS /ˈpɑːliːθiɪzəm/

belief in multiple Gods

From this reading He held that polytheism had played an important part in the evolution of culture.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

schoolmasters

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

scientificadjectiveUS /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/

of or relating to the practice of science

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

sensitivenessnounUS /ˈsensətɪvnəs/

sensitivity to emotional feelings (of self and others)

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

sovereigntynounUS /ˈsɑːvrənti/

government free from external control

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

sublimedadjective

passing or having passed from the solid to the gaseous state (or vice versa) without becoming liquid

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

supernaturalnounUS /ˌsuːpərˈnætʃərəl/

supernatural forces and events and beings collectively

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is scarcely necessary to add that Nietzsche’s condemnation of Christianity extended to the Christian God.

translatedverbUS /trænzˈleɪtɪd/

past form of “translate” — restate (words) from one language into another language

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Polytheism opened up divine horizons of freedom to humanity.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Gods, heroes, supernatural beings generally, were inestimable schoolmasters to bring us to the sovereignty of the individual.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading He even went so far as to assert that it was the development of Christian morality itself--“the father-confessor sensitiveness of the Christian conscience translated and sublimed into a scientific conscience”--which had finally conquered the Christian God.

Chapter 2 of Affirmations by Havelock Ellis holds 480 sentences, grouped into 96 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Affirmations contain?

Chapter 2 holds 480 sentences of Affirmations, unabridged, divided into 96 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Affirmations by Havelock Ellis exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 480 sentences, grouped into 96 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Affirmations?

Work through the 96 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 96 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Affirmations

Common questions about reading Affirmations by Havelock Ellis on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Affirmations?

Yes. All 2305 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #76076 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Affirmations is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #76076, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Affirmations take to read?

About 192 minutes of reading across 461 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Affirmations section by section

How to work through Affirmations section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 5 chapters of Affirmations to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Affirmations

Words and structures a reader meets early in Affirmations, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Affirmations
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Affirmations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Preface
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Affirmations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Least
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Affirmations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Looking
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Affirmations; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.