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After London
After London

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of After London is here in full — 124 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/24 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.
In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.
These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.
It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.
When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

After London

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of After London is here in full — 124 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/24 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.
/ðə ˌɪnˈveɪdərz ðoʊz huː laɪv baɪ ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər ɔːr ɪn taʊnz ənd ɑːr dɪˈsendəd frʌm ðə ˈremnənt ʌv ðə ˈeɪntʃənts ɑːr dɪˈvaɪdɪd æz aɪ hæv ˈpriːviəsli sed ˈɪntuː ˈnuːmərəs ˈprɑːvənsəz ˈkɪŋdəmz ənd riˈpʌblɪks/
Line 2
In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.
Line 3
These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.
Line 4
It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.
/ɪt ɪz ɪn ðə ˈsɪtiz ðæt ˈklʌstər ərˈaʊnd ðə ɡreɪt ˈsentrəl leɪk ðæt ɔːl ðə laɪf ənd ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən ʌv ˈaʊər deɪ ɑːr faʊnd bʌt ðer ˈɔːlsoʊ bɪˈɡɪn ðoʊz wɔːrz ənd ˈsoʊʃəl kənˈvʌlʃənz wɪtʃ kɑːz soʊ mʌtʃ ˈsʌfərɪŋ/
Line 5
When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?
/wen wɑːz ðə pəˈnɪnsələ æt piːs ənd wen wɑːz ðer nɑːt sʌm ˈmɪstʃəf ənd tʃeɪndʒ ˈbruːɪŋ ɪn ðə riˈpʌblɪks/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

agriculture noun US /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/

a large-scale farming enterprise

From this reading “THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.”

brewing noun US /ˈbruːɪŋ/

the production of malt beverages (as beer or ale) from malt and hops by grinding and boiling them and fermenting the result with yeast

From this reading “When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?”

caravans noun US /ˈkærəvænz/

plural of “caravan” — a procession (of wagons or mules or camels) traveling together in single file

From this reading “In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.”

convulsions noun US /kənˈvʌlʃənz/

plural of “convulsion” — a sudden uncontrollable attack

From this reading “It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.”

invaders noun US /ˌɪnˈveɪdərz/

plural of “invader” — someone who enters by force in order to conquer

From this reading “THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.”

Peninsula noun US /pəˈnɪnsələ/

a large mass of land projecting into a body of water

From this reading “When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?”

republics noun US /riˈpʌblɪks/

plural of “republic” — a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

From this reading “THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.”

Romany noun US /ˈrɑːməni/

a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling

From this reading “These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.”

All words in this reading · 114

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

agriculturenounUS /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/

a large-scale farming enterprise

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

ancientsnounUS /ˈeɪntʃənts/

people who lived in times long past (especially during the historical period before the fall of the Roman Empire in western Europe)

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?

banditti

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

banishedverbUS /ˈbænɪʃt/

past form of “banish” — expel from a community or group

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

brewingnounUS /ˈbruːɪŋ/

the production of malt beverages (as beer or ale) from malt and hops by grinding and boiling them and fermenting the result with yeast

From this reading When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

caravansnounUS /ˈkærəvænz/

plural of “caravan” — a procession (of wagons or mules or camels) traveling together in single file

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

centraladjectiveUS /ˈsentrəl/

serving as an essential component

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?

citiesnounUS /ˈsɪtiz/

plural of “city” — a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

civilizationnounUS /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

clusterverbUS /ˈklʌstər/

come together as in a cluster or flock

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

communicationnounUS /kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən/

the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

convulsionsnounUS /kənˈvʌlʃənz/

plural of “convulsion” — a sudden uncontrollable attack

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

crimesnounUS /kraɪmz/

plural of “crime” — (criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

descendedverbUS /dɪˈsendəd/

past form of “descend” — move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

distancenounUS /ˈdɪstəns/

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

dividedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

separated into parts or pieces

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

homesnounUS /hoʊmz/

plural of “home” — where you live at a particular time

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

inlandadjectiveUS /ˈɪnlænd/

situated away from an area's coast or border

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

interruptedadjectiveUS /ˌɪntərˈʌptɪd/

discontinued temporarily

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

INVADERSnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪdərz/

plural of “invader” — someone who enters by force in order to conquer

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

kingdomsnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəmz/

plural of “kingdom” — a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

LakenounUS /leɪk/

a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

liveverbUS /laɪv/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

mischiefnounUS /ˈmɪstʃəf/

reckless or malicious behavior that causes discomfort or annoyance in others

From this reading When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

moveverbUS /muːv/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?

PeninsulanounUS /pəˈnɪnsələ/

a large mass of land projecting into a body of water

From this reading When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?

personsnounUS /ˈpɜːrsənz/

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

previouslyadverbUS /ˈpriːviəsli/

at an earlier time or formerly

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

provincesnounUS /ˈprɑːvənsəz/

plural of “province” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

remnantnounUS /ˈremnənt/

a small part or portion that remains after the main part no longer exists

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

republicsnounUS /riˈpʌblɪks/

plural of “republic” — a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

RomanynounUS /ˈrɑːməni/

a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

shoresnounUS /ʃɔːrz/

plural of “shore” — the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

slowlyadverbUS /ˈsloʊli/

without speed (“slow” is sometimes used informally for “slowly”)

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

sufferingnounUS /ˈsʌfərɪŋ/

a state of acute pain

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

ThosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading These not only move slowly, but are subject to be interrupted by the Romany and by the banditti, or persons who, for moral or political crimes, have been banished from their homes.

townsnounUS /taʊnz/

plural of “town” — an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

tradenounUS /treɪd/

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

trafficnounUS /ˈtræfɪk/

the aggregation of things (pedestrians or vehicles) coming and going in a particular locality during a specified period of time

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

vesselsnounUS /ˈvesəlz/

plural of “vessel” — a tube in which a body fluid circulates

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

waggons

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

warsnounUS /wɔːrz/

plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When was the Peninsula at peace? and when was there not some mischief and change brewing in the republics?

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It is in the cities that cluster around the great central lake that all the life and civilization of our day are found; but there also begin those wars and social convulsions which cause so much suffering.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading THE INVADERS Those who live by agriculture or in towns, and are descended from the remnant of the ancients, are divided, as I have previously said, into numerous provinces, kingdoms, and republics.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading In the middle part of the country the cities are almost all upon the shores of the Lake, or within a short distance of the water, and there is therefore more traffic and communication between them by means of vessels than is the case with inland towns, whose trade must be carried on by caravans and waggons.

Chapter 3 of After London by Richard Jefferies holds 124 sentences, grouped into 25 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of After London contain?

Chapter 3 holds 124 sentences of After London, unabridged, divided into 25 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of After London by Richard Jefferies exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 124 sentences, grouped into 25 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of After London?

Work through the 25 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 25 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading After London

Common questions about reading After London by Richard Jefferies on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of After London?

Yes. All 3502 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13944 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of After London is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13944, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does After London take to read?

About 291 minutes of reading across 701 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read After London section by section

How to work through After London section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 32 chapters of After London to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in After London

Words and structures a reader meets early in After London, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Ancients
A word that appears in the opening chapter of After London; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Departed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of After London; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of After London; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Numbers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of After London; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.