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Air Service boys flying for France
Air Service boys flying for France

Chapter XVIII

Chapter 18 of Air Service boys flying for France is here in full — 64 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.
Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.
It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.
They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.
Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Air Service boys flying for France

Chapter XVIII

Chapter 18 of Air Service boys flying for France is here in full — 64 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.
Line 2
Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.
/θruː hɪz ˈeksələnt ˈɡlæsəz tɑːm wɑːtʃt ˈmeni faɪts əˈlɔːft/
Line 3
It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.
Line 4
They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.
/ðeɪ ˈɔːlsoʊ hæd əˈbʌndənt ˌɑːpərˈtuːnətiz ʌv ˈsiːɪŋ ðɪs ɔːr ðæt ˈeɪvieɪtər ˈeksəkjuːt ðə ɡrɪl wen ˈθretənd baɪ ə ˈnʌmbər ʌv ˈenəmi pleɪnz ðæt hæd ˈfɑːlən ɑːn hɪm frʌm ðə klaʊdz ˈoʊvərˈhed/
Line 5
Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.
/iːtʃ pleɪn bɪˈlɔːŋɪŋ tuː ðə ˌlɑːfiˈet fɔːrˈmeɪʃən hæd æn ˈɪndiən hed ˈpeɪntɪd ɑːn ðə saɪd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aviator noun US /ˈeɪvieɪtər/

someone who operates an aircraft

From this reading “They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.”

fights noun US /faɪts/

plural of “fight” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading “Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.”

grille noun US /ɡrɪl/

small opening (like a window in a door) through which business can be transacted

From this reading “They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.”

Lafayette noun US /ˌlɑːfiˈet/

French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834)

From this reading “Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.”

pilots noun US /ˈpaɪləts/

plural of “pilot” — someone who is licensed to operate an aircraft in flight

From this reading “It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.”

planes noun US /pleɪnz/

plural of “plane” — an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets

From this reading “They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.”

proficient adjective US /prɑːˈfɪʃənt/

having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude

From this reading “It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.”

verdun noun US /ˈvɜːrdən/

a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped

From this reading “HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

HOVERING OVER verb + particle counted as “hover over”

In this reading “HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.”

clouds overhead verb + particle counted as “cloud overhead”

In this reading “They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.”

carried out verb + adjective counted as “carry out”

put in effect

In this reading “HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.”

two chums noun + noun counted as “two chum”

In this reading “HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.”

good education adjective + noun

In this reading “It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.”

in defence preposition + noun

In this reading “It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.”

All words in this reading · 89

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

abundantadjectiveUS /əˈbʌndənt/

present in great quantity

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

aloftadverbUS /əˈlɔːft/

at or on or to the masthead or upper rigging of a ship

From this reading Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

attacknounUS /əˈtæk/

(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

aviatornounUS /ˈeɪvieɪtər/

someone who operates an aircraft

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

belongingnounUS /bɪˈlɔːŋɪŋ/

happiness felt in a secure relationship

From this reading Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

chumsnounUS /tʃʌmz/

plural of “chum” — a close friend who accompanies his buddies in their activities

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

cloudsnounUS /klaʊdz/

plural of “cloud” — any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

DaysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

defencenounUS /dɪˈfens/

(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

educationnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən/

the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

excellentadjectiveUS /ˈeksələnt/

very good; of the highest quality

From this reading Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.

executeverbUS /ˈeksəkjuːt/

kill as a means of socially sanctioned punishment

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

fallenadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːlən/

having dropped by the force of gravity

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

fightsnounUS /faɪts/

plural of “fight” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

formationnounUS /fɔːrˈmeɪʃən/

an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit

From this reading Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

glassesnounUS /ˈɡlæsəz/

(plural) optical instrument consisting of a frame that holds a pair of lenses for correcting defective vision

From this reading Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.

goingnounUS /ˈɡoʊɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

grillenounUS /ɡrɪl/

small opening (like a window in a door) through which business can be transacted

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.

HOVERINGverbUS /ˈhʌvərɪŋ/

-ing form of “hover” — be undecided about something; waver between conflicting positions or courses of action

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

IndianadjectiveUS /ˈɪndiən/

of or relating to or characteristic of India or the East Indies or their peoples or languages or cultures

From this reading Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.

inspirationnounUS /ˌɪnspərˈeɪʃən/

arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

LafayettenounUS /ˌlɑːfiˈet/

French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834)

From this reading Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.

learnedadjectiveUS /lɜːrnd/

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

manoeuvred

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

membersnounUS /ˈmembərz/

plural of “member” — one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

opportunitiesnounUS /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnətiz/

plural of “opportunity” — a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

OVERprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

overheadadverbUS /ˈoʊvərˈhed/

above your head; in the sky

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

paintedadjectiveUS /ˈpeɪntɪd/

coated with paint

From this reading Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

pilotsnounUS /ˈpaɪləts/

plural of “pilot” — someone who is licensed to operate an aircraft in flight

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

planenounUS /pleɪn/

an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets

From this reading Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.

planesnounUS /pleɪnz/

plural of “plane” — an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

proficientadjectiveUS /prɑːˈfɪʃənt/

having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

seeingnounUS /ˈsiːɪŋ/

perception by means of the eyes

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading Each plane belonging to the Lafayette formation had an Indian head painted on the side.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

squadronnounUS /ˈskwɑːdrən/

a cavalry unit consisting of two or more troops and headquarters and supporting arms

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

threatenedadjectiveUS /ˈθretənd/

(of flora or fauna) likely in the near future to become endangered

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

ThroughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

TomnounUS /tɑːm/

male cat

From this reading Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading It was a good education for the boys, since by this means they learned just how the proficient pilots manoeuvred under attack and in defence.

valiantadjUS /ˈvæl.jənt/

Possessing or showing courage or determination; heroic. (Dũng cảm, quả cảm, anh hùng.)

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

VERDUNnounUS /ˈvɜːrdən/

a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

watchedverbUS /wɑːtʃt/

past form of “watch” — look attentively

From this reading Through his excellent glasses Tom watched many fights aloft.

whateverdeterminerUS /ˌwʌˈtevər/

any or all of a kind, it does not matter which

From this reading HOVERING OVER VERDUN Days passed, and each brought new inspiration to the two chums, as they saw how those valiant members of the American squadron carried out their part in whatever was going on.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading They also had abundant opportunities of seeing this or that aviator execute the “grille” when threatened by a number of enemy planes that had fallen on him from the clouds overhead.

Chapter 18 of Air Service boys flying for France by Charles Amory Beach holds 64 sentences, grouped into 13 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 18 of Air Service boys flying for France contain?

Chapter 18 holds 64 sentences of Air Service boys flying for France, unabridged, divided into 13 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 18 of Air Service boys flying for France by Charles Amory Beach exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 64 sentences, grouped into 13 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 18 of Air Service boys flying for France?

Work through the 13 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 13 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 18 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 18 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Air Service boys flying for France

Common questions about reading Air Service boys flying for France by Charles Amory Beach on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Air Service boys flying for France?

Yes. All 2214 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #73976 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Air Service boys flying for France is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #73976, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Air Service boys flying for France take to read?

About 184 minutes of reading across 443 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Air Service boys flying for France section by section

How to work through Air Service boys flying for France section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 25 chapters of Air Service boys flying for France to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Air Service boys flying for France

Words and structures a reader meets early in Air Service boys flying for France, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Cloth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Air Service boys flying for France; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Illustrated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Air Service boys flying for France; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Price
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Air Service boys flying for France; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Air Service boys flying for France; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.