Chapter VI

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

a native or inhabitant of Austria

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

of a stringed instrument; sounded by stroking with a bow

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

showing who or what does the action

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

deserving a curse; sometimes used as an intensifier

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

past form of “dare” — take upon oneself; act presumptuously, without permission

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

emblem usually consisting of a rectangular piece of cloth of distinctive design

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

a city in central Italy on the Arno; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian Renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

of concern to or concerning the affairs of other nations (other than your own)

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955)

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

a person of German nationality

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

treated with dislike or contempt

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

any place of complete bliss and delight and peace

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

possessive form of “italy” — a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

a primary subtractive color for light; a dark purple-red color; the dye for magenta was discovered in 1859, the year of the battle of Magenta

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

plural of “neck” — the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading That was the time of the Austrian occupation.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

-ing form of “retreat” — pull back or move away or backward

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

sullen or unfriendly in appearance

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

plural of “sentinel” — a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

having a handwritten signature

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

a pink dye that was discovered in 1859, the year a battle was fought at Solferino

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

plural of “take” — the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That was the time of the Austrian occupation.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading That was the time of the Austrian occupation.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

a written agreement between two states or sovereigns

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

a combatant who is able to defeat rivals

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923)

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

past form of “wall” — surround with a wall in order to fortify

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading For Florence had gates in those days, and was a walled city, kept by Austrian sentinels.

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading One summer we lived in a villa a short distance outside the gates of Florence.

at the time that

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).

a Caucasian

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

in the company of; together with

From this reading Since then, Solferino and Magenta have been fought, and the treaty of Villafranca has been signed, and now, “Italy’s one, from mountain to sea!”-- “King Victor has Italy’s crown on his head, And his flag takes all heaven with its white, green and red.”

fabric comprising a fitted part at the top of a garment

From this reading But then the Florentines bowed their necks under a hated foreign yoke, scowling when they dared at a retreating “maledetto Tedesco” (cursed German).