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All Things Considered
All Things Considered

Chapter IV

Cover illustration for All Things Considered
Context Illustration Reading 1/91 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.
In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.
The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.
In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.
We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

All Things Considered

Chapter IV

Reading 1/91 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.
Line 2
In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.
Line 3
The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.
Line 4
In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.
Line 5
We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

Everything pronoun US /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

Good noun US /good/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

Has auxiliary verb US /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

Have auxiliary verb US /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading “In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.”

Itself pronoun US /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

Life noun US /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.”

May modal verb US /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

Poor noun US /poor/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.”

Same noun US /same/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.”

Thing noun US /thing/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

Towards preposition US /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

aristocracy

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

black

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

centuries

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

certain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

class

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

Constitution

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

contradictory

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

creating

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

devil

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

education

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

England

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

English

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

face

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

fairies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

goodnounUS /good/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

Government

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

humour

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

instead

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

interpret

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

Irish

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

large

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

lifenounUS /life/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

many

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

much

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

nobility

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

past

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

poetry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

poornounUS /poor/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

religion

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

rely

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

saints

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

samenounUS /same/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.

Scotch

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

substituting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

tendency

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

thingnounUS /thing/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

upper

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

way

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.