Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
All Things Considered
All Things Considered

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of All Things Considered is here in full — 451 sentences across 91 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for All Things Considered
Context Illustration Reading 1/90 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.
In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.
The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poorthe poetry of life.
In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.
We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

All Things Considered

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of All Things Considered is here in full — 451 sentences across 91 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/90 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.
Line 2
In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.
/ɪn ˈɪŋɡlənd wiː hæv æn ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi ˌɪnˈsted ʌv ə rɪˈlɪdʒən/
Line 3
The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poorthe poetry of life.
Line 4
In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.
/ɪn ðə seɪm weɪ ɪn ˈɪŋɡlənd wiː hæv æn ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi ˌɪnˈsted ʌv ə ˈɡʌvərmənt/
Line 5
We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.
/wiː rɪˈlaɪ ɑːn ə ˈsɜːrtən ɡʊd ˈhjuːmər ənd ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən ɪn ðə ˈʌpər klæs tuː ˌɪnˈtɜːrprət tuː ʌs ˈaʊər ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪktəri ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

aristocracy noun US /ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

contradictory adjective US /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪktəri/

of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be false

From this reading “We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.”

creating verb US /kriˈeɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “create” — make or cause to be or to become

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

fairies noun US /ˈferiz/

plural of “fairy” — a small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers

From this reading “The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.”

interpret verb US /ˌɪnˈtɜːrprət/

make sense of; assign a meaning to

From this reading “We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.”

rely verb US /rɪˈlaɪ/

have faith or confidence in

From this reading “We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.”

substituting noun US /ˈsʌbstɪtuːtɪŋ/

working as a substitute for someone who is ill or on leave of absence

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

tendency noun US /ˈtendənsi/

an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading “Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

aristocracynounUS /ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

ConstitutionnounUS /ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃən/

law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

contradictoryadjectiveUS /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪktəri/

of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be false

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

creatingverbUS /kriˈeɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “create” — make or cause to be or to become

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

devilnounUS /ˈdevəl/

(Judeo-Christian and Islamic religions) chief spirit of evil and adversary of God; tempter of mankind; master of Hell

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

educationnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən/

the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

fairiesnounUS /ˈferiz/

plural of “fairy” — a small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

GovernmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

humournounUS /ˈhjuːmər/

a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

insteadadverbUS /ˌɪnˈsted/

in place of, or as an alternative to

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

interpretverbUS /ˌɪnˈtɜːrprət/

make sense of; assign a meaning to

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

IrishnounUS /ˈaɪrɪʃ/

people of Ireland or of Irish extraction

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

nobilitynounUS /noʊˈbɪləti/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

poetrynounUS /ˈpoʊətri/

literature in metrical form

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

religionnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

relyverbUS /rɪˈlaɪ/

have faith or confidence in

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

saintsnounUS /seɪnts/

plural of “saint” — a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.

ScotchnounUS /skɑːtʃ/

a slight surface cut (especially a notch that is made to keep a tally)

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

substitutingnounUS /ˈsʌbstɪtuːtɪŋ/

working as a substitute for someone who is ill or on leave of absence

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

tendencynounUS /ˈtendənsi/

an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

upperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading We rely on a certain good humour and education in the upper class to interpret to us our contradictory Constitution.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In the same way in England we have an aristocracy instead of a Government.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading In England we have an aristocracy instead of a religion.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Our tendency for many centuries past has been, not so much towards creating an aristocracy (which may or may not be a good thing in itself), as towards substituting an aristocracy for everything else.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The nobility are to the English poor what the saints and the fairies are to the Irish poor, what the large devil with a black face was to the Scotch poor—the poetry of life.

Chapter 4 of All Things Considered by G. K. (Gilbert Keith) Chesterton holds 451 sentences, grouped into 91 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of All Things Considered contain?

Chapter 4 holds 451 sentences of All Things Considered, unabridged, divided into 91 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of All Things Considered by G. K. (Gilbert Keith) Chesterton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 451 sentences, grouped into 91 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of All Things Considered?

Work through the 91 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 91 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading All Things Considered

Common questions about reading All Things Considered by G. K. (Gilbert Keith) Chesterton on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of All Things Considered?

Yes. All 2722 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #11505 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of All Things Considered is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #11505, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does All Things Considered take to read?

About 226 minutes of reading across 545 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read All Things Considered section by section

How to work through All Things Considered section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 6 chapters of All Things Considered to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in All Things Considered

Words and structures a reader meets early in All Things Considered, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of All Things Considered; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Published
A word that appears in the opening chapter of All Things Considered; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Eighth
A word that appears in the opening chapter of All Things Considered; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Edition
A word that appears in the opening chapter of All Things Considered; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.