Chapter XXI · Chapter 21

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

-ing form of “adjoin” — lie adjacent to another or share a boundary

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

of or relating to the nations of Africa or their peoples

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

a characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves)

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

the area of the states of North Carolina and South Carolina

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

state capital of West Virginia in the central part of the state on the Kanawha river

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

the shore of a sea or ocean

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

a person of European descent born in the West Indies or Latin America

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

plural of “dialect” — the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

be different

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

divisible by two

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

beyond what is ordinary or usual; highly unusual or exceptional or remarkable

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

a state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

a state in southeastern United States; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

(usually plural) the office that serves as the administrative center of an enterprise

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

incapable of being explained or accounted for

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

plural of “island” — a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

determine the result of (a competition)

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

and nothing more

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

a polite name for any woman

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

having or showing profound knowledge

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

a state in southern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

used to form the superlative

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

plural of “negro” — a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

have ownership or possession of

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas)

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

plural of “plantation” — an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas)

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

the extended spatial location of something

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

grains used as food either unpolished or more often polished

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

to a small degree or extent

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

express in speech

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

past form of “spell” — orally recite the letters of or give the spelling of

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

uttered through the medium of speech or characterized by speech; sometimes used in combination

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

plural of “tell” — a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "GULLA" AND THE BACK COUNTRY The most extraordinary negro dialect I know of is the "gulla" (sometimes spelled "gullah") of the rice plantation negroes of South Carolina and of the islands off the South Carolina and Georgia coast.

not thin; of a specific thickness or of relatively great extent from one surface to the opposite usually in the smallest of the three solid dimensions

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

in spite of the fact that

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Gulla is such an extreme dialect as to be almost a language by itself.

plural of “tongue” — a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading I believe that the region of Charleston is headquarters for "gulla niggers," though I have heard the argot spoken as far south as Sepeloe Island, off the town of Darien, Georgia, near the Florida line.

relating to or characteristic of a tribe

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

plural of “tribe” — a social division of (usually preliterate) people

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

know and comprehend the nature or meaning of

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

an old word meaning “from where”

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

a Caucasian

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

which person or people

From this reading A Charleston lady tells me that negroes on different rice plantations--even on adjoining plantations--speak dialects which differ somewhat, and I know of my own knowledge that thick gulla is almost incomprehensible to white persons who have not learned, by long practice, to understand it.

in the company of; together with

From this reading Whence it came I do not know, but I judge that it is a combination of English with the primitive tongues of African tribes, just as the dialect of old Creole negroes, in Louisiana, is a combination of African tribal tongues with French.