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American Big-Game Hunting
American Big-Game Hunting

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of American Big-Game Hunting is here in full — 435 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/87 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.
This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.
The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.
As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.
Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

American Big-Game Hunting

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of American Big-Game Hunting is here in full — 435 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/87 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.
Line 2
This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.
Line 3
The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.
/ðə kæf wen dʒʌst bɔːrn ɪz ʌv ə braɪt ˈjeloʊ ˈkʌlər ˈɔːlmoʊst ə peɪl red ɑːn ðə laɪn ʌv ðə bæk/
Line 4
As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.
/æz ɪt ɡroʊz ˈoʊldər ɪt bɪˈkʌmz ˈdɑːrkər ənd baɪ leɪt ˈɔːtəm ɪz ˈɔːlmoʊst æz dɑːrk æz ðə əˈdʌlts/
Line 5
Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.
/ˌveriˈeɪʃənz frʌm ðə ˈnɔːrməl ˈkʌlər ɑːr ˈveri rer bʌt paɪd ˈspɑːtɪd ənd roʊn ˈænəməlz ɑːr səmˈtaɪmz kɪld/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adults noun US /əˈdʌlts/

plural of “adult” — a fully developed person from maturity onward

From this reading “As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.”

calf noun US /kæf/

young of domestic cattle

From this reading “The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.”

hides noun US /haɪdz/

plural of “hide” — the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal)

From this reading “This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.”

pied adjective US /paɪd/

having sections or patches colored differently and usually brightly

From this reading “Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.”

roan noun US /roʊn/

a soft sheepskin leather that is colored and finished to resemble morocco; used in bookbinding

From this reading “Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.”

spotted adjective US /ˈspɑːtɪd/

having spots or patches (small areas of contrasting color or texture)

From this reading “Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.”

Variations noun US /ˌveriˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “variation” — an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change

From this reading “Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.”

wool noun US /wʊl/

a fabric made from the hair of sheep

From this reading “This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

grows older verb + adjective counted as “grow older”

In this reading “As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.”

late autumn adjective + noun

In this reading “As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.”

new coat adjective + noun

In this reading “The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

adultsnounUS /əˈdʌlts/

plural of “adult” — a fully developed person from maturity onward

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

animalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

autumnnounUS /ˈɔːtəm/

the season when the leaves fall from the trees

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

becomesverbUS /bɪˈkʌmz/

third-person singular of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

brightadjectiveUS /braɪt/

emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

buffalonounUS /ˈbʌfəloʊ/

large shaggy-haired brown bison of North American plains

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

calfnounUS /kæf/

young of domestic cattle

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

coatnounUS /koʊt/

an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

colornounUS /ˈkʌlər/

a visual attribute of things that results from the light they emit or transmit or reflect

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

darkeradjectiveUS /ˈdɑːrkər/

comparative of “dark” — devoid of or deficient in light or brightness; shadowed or black

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

DecembernounUS /dɪˈsembər/

the last (12th) month of the year

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

growverbUS /ɡroʊ/

pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

growsverbUS /ɡroʊz/

third-person singular of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

hidesnounUS /haɪdz/

plural of “hide” — the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal)

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

killedverbUS /kɪld/

past form of “kill” — cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

liver-brown

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

normaladjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrməl/

conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

NovembernounUS /noʊˈvembər/

the month following October and preceding December

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

olderadjectiveUS /ˈoʊldər/

advanced in years; (“aged” is pronounced as two syllables)

From this reading As it grows older it becomes darker, and by late autumn is almost as dark as the adults.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

paleadjectiveUS /peɪl/

very light colored; highly diluted with white

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

paler

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

piedadjectiveUS /paɪd/

having sections or patches colored differently and usually brightly

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

rareadjectiveUS /rer/

not widely known; especially valued for its uncommonness

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

rednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

roannounUS /roʊn/

a soft sheepskin leather that is colored and finished to resemble morocco; used in bookbinding

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

shedverbUS /ʃed/

get rid of

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

smoky-gray

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

spottedadjectiveUS /ˈspɑːtɪd/

having spots or patches (small areas of contrasting color or texture)

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The color of the buffalo in its new coat is a dark liver-brown.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

VariationsnounUS /ˌveriˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “variation” — an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Variations from the normal color are very rare, but pied, spotted, and roan animals are sometimes killed.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

woolnounUS /wʊl/

a fabric made from the hair of sheep

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

yellowadjectiveUS /ˈjeloʊ/

of the color intermediate between green and orange in the color spectrum; of something resembling the color of an egg yolk

From this reading The calf when just born is of a bright yellow color, almost a pale red on the line of the back.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading This soon changes, however, and the hides, which are at their best in November and early December, begin to grow paler toward spring; and when the coat is shed, the hair and wool from young animals is almost a dark smoky-gray.

Chapter 4 of American Big-Game Hunting by Boone and Crockett Club holds 435 sentences, grouped into 87 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of American Big-Game Hunting contain?

Chapter 4 holds 435 sentences of American Big-Game Hunting, unabridged, divided into 87 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of American Big-Game Hunting by Boone and Crockett Club exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 435 sentences, grouped into 87 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of American Big-Game Hunting?

Work through the 87 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 87 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading American Big-Game Hunting

Common questions about reading American Big-Game Hunting by Boone and Crockett Club on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of American Big-Game Hunting?

Yes. All 2586 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #39965 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of American Big-Game Hunting is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #39965, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does American Big-Game Hunting take to read?

About 215 minutes of reading across 518 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read American Big-Game Hunting section by section

How to work through American Big-Game Hunting section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in American Big-Game Hunting

Words and structures a reader meets early in American Big-Game Hunting, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Boone
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Big-Game Hunting; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Crockett
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Big-Game Hunting; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Constitution
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Big-Game Hunting; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
By-laws
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Big-Game Hunting; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.