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American Leaders and Heroes
American Leaders and Heroes

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of American Leaders and Heroes is here in full — 130 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.
Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.
As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.
They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.
On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

American Leaders and Heroes

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of American Leaders and Heroes is here in full — 130 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/26 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.
Line 2
Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.
Line 3
As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.
Line 4
They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.
Line 5
On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.
/ɑːn ðə ˈkɑːntreri əˈbaʊt hæf ʌv ðem wɜːr ˈdʒentəlmɪn huː felt ðemˈselvz əˈbʌv ˈwɜːrkɪŋ wɪð ðer hændz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Columbus noun US /kəˈlʌmbəs/

the state capital of Ohio; located in the center of the state; site of Ohio State University

From this reading “Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.”

Cortez noun US /kɔːrˈtez/

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

From this reading “Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.”

Englishmen noun US /ˌeŋˈlɪʃmən/

plural of “englishman” — a man who is a native or inhabitant of England

From this reading “Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.”

Jamestown noun US /ˈdʒeɪmztaʊn/

a former village on the James River in Virginia to the north of Norfolk; site of the first permanent English settlement in America in 1607

From this reading “John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.”

leadership noun US /ˈliːdərʃɪp/

the activity of leading

From this reading “Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.”

Pizarro noun US /pɪˈzɑːroʊ/

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

From this reading “Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.”

Raleigh's noun US /ˈrɔːliz/

possessive form of “raleigh” — English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England (1552-1618)

From this reading “John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.”

Year's noun US /jɪrz/

possessive form of “year” — a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading “As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

twenty years noun + noun

In this reading “John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.”

under the leadership preposition + article + noun counted as “under … leadership”

In this reading “Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.”

About twenty preposition + noun

In this reading “John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.”

new enterprise adjective + noun

In this reading “They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.”

new colony adjective + noun

In this reading “As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.”

five men noun + noun

In this reading “As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.”

sail from verb + particle

In this reading “As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.”

All words in this reading · 100

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1579

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

1607

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

1631

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

AboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

colonynounUS /ˈkɑːləni/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

ColumbusnounUS /kəˈlʌmbəs/

the state capital of Ohio; located in the center of the state; site of Ohio State University

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

CompanynounUS /ˈkʌmpəniː/

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

contraryadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːntreri/

very opposed in nature or character or purpose

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

CorteznounUS /kɔːrˈtez/

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

DenounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

destinedadjectiveUS /ˈdestɪnd/

headed or intending to head in a certain direction; often used as a combining form as in “college-bound students”

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

discoververbUS /dɪˈskʌvər/

discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

dreamedadjectiveUS /driːmd/

conceived of or imagined or hoped for

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

dreamingnounUS /ˈdriːmɪŋ/

imaginative thoughts indulged in while awake

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

effortnounUS /ˈefərt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

EnglishmennounUS /ˌeŋˈlɪʃmən/

plural of “englishman” — a man who is a native or inhabitant of England

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

enterprisenounUS /ˈentərpraɪz/

a purposeful or industrious undertaking (especially one that requires effort or boldness)

From this reading They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.

failurenounUS /ˈfeɪljər/

an act that fails

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

feltverbUS /felt/

mat together and make felt-like

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

frailadjectiveUS /freɪl/

physically weak

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

gentlemennounUS /ˈdʒentəlmɪn/

plural of “gentleman” — a man of refinement

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.

goldnounUS /ɡoʊld/

coins made of gold

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

JamestownnounUS /ˈdʒeɪmztaʊn/

a former village on the James River in Virginia to the north of Norfolk; site of the first permanent English settlement in America in 1607

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

JohnnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

leadershipnounUS /ˈliːdərʃɪp/

the activity of leading

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

merchantsnounUS /ˈmɜːrtʃənts/

plural of “merchant” — a businessperson engaged in retail trade

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

permanentadjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrmənənt/

continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

PizarronounUS /pɪˈzɑːroʊ/

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

plantverbUS /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

Raleigh'snounUS /ˈrɔːliz/

possessive form of “raleigh” — English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England (1552-1618)

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

sailverbUS /seɪl/

traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

sailedverbUS /seɪld/

past form of “sail” — traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

self-reliantadjective

(of persons) free from external control and constraint in e.g. action and judgment

From this reading They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

SettlementnounUS /ˈsetəlmənt/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

SmithnounUS /smɪθ/

Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919)

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

Soto

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

SpaniardsnounUS /ˈspænjərdz/

plural of “spaniard” — a native or inhabitant of Spain

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.

sturdyadjectiveUS /ˈstɜːrdi/

having rugged physical strength; inured to fatigue or hardships

From this reading They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading They were not sturdy, self-reliant men such as give strength to a new enterprise.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

TheirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

twentynounUS /ˈtwenti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

vesselsnounUS /ˈvesəlz/

plural of “vessel” — a tube in which a body fluid circulates

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

wealthyadjectiveUS /ˈwelθi/

having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Their purpose was to discover gold, of which Englishmen were then dreaming, just as the Spaniards had dreamed years before when they sailed under the leadership of Columbus, Pizarro, Cortez, and De Soto.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

workingadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːrkɪŋ/

actively engaged in paid work

From this reading On the contrary, about half of them were "gentlemen," who felt themselves above working with their hands.

Year'snounUS /jɪrz/

possessive form of “year” — a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading As a beginning for the new colony, which was destined to be the first permanent English settlement in America, the London Company sent out one hundred and five men, who set sail from London on New Year's day, 1607, in three frail vessels.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading John Smith and the Settlement of Jamestown [1579-1631] About twenty years after the failure of Raleigh's attempt to plant a settlement in America, another effort was made by a body of merchants and wealthy men called the London Company.

Chapter 4 of American Leaders and Heroes by Wilbur F. (Wilbur Fisk) Gordy holds 130 sentences, grouped into 26 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of American Leaders and Heroes contain?

Chapter 4 holds 130 sentences of American Leaders and Heroes, unabridged, divided into 26 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of American Leaders and Heroes by Wilbur F. (Wilbur Fisk) Gordy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 130 sentences, grouped into 26 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of American Leaders and Heroes?

Work through the 26 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 26 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading American Leaders and Heroes

Common questions about reading American Leaders and Heroes by Wilbur F. (Wilbur Fisk) Gordy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of American Leaders and Heroes?

Yes. All 3757 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #35742 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of American Leaders and Heroes is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #35742, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does American Leaders and Heroes take to read?

About 313 minutes of reading across 752 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read American Leaders and Heroes section by section

How to work through American Leaders and Heroes section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in American Leaders and Heroes

Words and structures a reader meets early in American Leaders and Heroes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Teaching
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Leaders and Heroes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
History
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Leaders and Heroes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Girls
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Leaders and Heroes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Twelve
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Leaders and Heroes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.