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American Leaders and Heroes
American Leaders and Heroes

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of American Leaders and Heroes is here in full — 113 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.
Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.
These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.
The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.
Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

American Leaders and Heroes

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of American Leaders and Heroes is here in full — 113 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.
Line 2
Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.
Line 3
These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.
/ðiːz ˈpiːpəl wɜːr səˈvɪrli ˈpʌnɪʃt ɑːn əˈkaʊnt ʌv ðer rɪˈlɪdʒəs aɪˈdiːəz/
Line 4
The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.
/ðə ˈsentrəl ˈdɑːktrən ʌv ðer kriːd wɑːz ðæt ðeɪ wɜːr ɪn ɔːl θɪŋz led baɪ ðə ˈɪnər laɪt æz ðeɪ kɔːld ˈkɑːnʃəns wɪtʃ rɪˈviːld tuː ðem ðə wɪl ʌv ɡɑːd/
Line 5
Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.
/bɪˈliːvɪŋ ðæt ɔːl men wɜːr ˈiːkwəl bɪˈfɔːr ðə lɔː ðə ˈkweɪkər ˈɔːlweɪz kept hɪz hæt ɑːn ɪn ˈpʌblɪk ˈpleɪsəz æz ə saɪn ʌv ɪˈkwɑːləti rəˈfjuːzɪŋ tuː ənˈkʌvər ˈiːvɪn ɪn ðə ˈprezəns ʌv ˈrɔɪəlti/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

leadership noun US /ˈliːdərʃɪp/

the activity of leading

From this reading “Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.”

Penn noun US /pen/

Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)

From this reading “William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.”

Pennsylvania noun US /ˌpensəlˈveɪnjə/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading “William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.”

Puritans noun US /ˈpjʊrətənz/

plural of “puritan” — a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship

From this reading “William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.”

Quaker noun US /ˈkweɪkər/

a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers)

From this reading “Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.”

Quakers noun US /ˈkweɪkərz/

a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; commonly called Quakers

From this reading “Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.”

sect noun US /sekt/

a subdivision of a larger religious group

From this reading “Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.”

uncover verb US /ənˈkʌvər/

remove all or part of one's clothes to show one's body

From this reading “Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

severely punished adverb + adjective

In this reading “These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.”

religious sect adjective + noun

a subdivision of a larger religious group

In this reading “Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.”

Under the leadership preposition + article + noun counted as “under … leadership”

In this reading “Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.”

sprang up verb + adjective counted as “spring up”

come into existence; take on form or shape

In this reading “Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.”

on account preposition + noun

In this reading “These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.”

religious ideas adjective + noun counted as “religious idea”

In this reading “These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.”

always kept adverb + adjective

In this reading “Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.”

public places noun + noun counted as “public place”

In this reading “Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.”

All words in this reading · 93

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1644

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

1669

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

1718

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

believeverbUS /bɪˈliːv/

accept as true; take to be true

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

BelievingnounUS /bɪˈliːvɪŋ/

the cognitive process that leads to convictions

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

centraladjectiveUS /ˈsentrəl/

serving as an essential component

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

ChurchnounUS /tʃɜːrtʃ/

one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

consciencenounUS /ˈkɑːnʃəns/

motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

creednounUS /kriːd/

any system of principles or beliefs

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

doctrinenounUS /ˈdɑːktrən/

a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

doctrinesnounUS /ˈdɑːktrənz/

plural of “doctrine” — a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

equalverbUS /ˈiːkwəl/

be identical or equivalent to

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

equalitynounUS /ɪˈkwɑːləti/

the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

EstablishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

FoxnounUS /fɑːks/

alert carnivorous mammal with pointed muzzle and ears and a bushy tail; most are predators that do not hunt in packs

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

FriendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

GeorgenounUS /dʒɔːrdʒ/

Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303)

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

hatnounUS /hæt/

headdress that protects the head from bad weather; has shaped crown and usually a brim

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

ideasnounUS /aɪˈdiːəz/

plural of “idea” — the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

inneradjectiveUS /ˈɪnər/

located inward

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

leadershipnounUS /ˈliːdərʃɪp/

the activity of leading

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

lednounUS /led/

diode such that light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current; color depends on the material used

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

peculiaradjectiveUS /pəˈkjuːljər/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

PennnounUS /pen/

Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

PennsylvanianounUS /ˌpensəlˈveɪnjə/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

persecutionnounUS /ˌpɜːrsəˈkjuːʃən/

the act of persecuting (especially on the basis of race or religion)

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

PilgrimsnounUS /ˈpɪlɡrəmz/

plural of “pilgrim” — someone who journeys in foreign lands

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

presencenounUS /ˈprezəns/

the state of being present; current existence

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

punishedadjectiveUS /ˈpʌnɪʃt/

subjected to a penalty (as pain or shame or restraint or loss) for an offense or fault or in order to coerce some behavior (as a confession or obedience)

From this reading These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.

PuritansnounUS /ˈpjʊrətənz/

plural of “puritan” — a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

QuakernounUS /ˈkweɪkər/

a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers)

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

QuakersnounUS /ˈkweɪkərz/

a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; commonly called Quakers

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

refusingverbUS /rəˈfjuːzɪŋ/

-ing form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

revealedverbUS /rɪˈviːld/

past form of “reveal” — make visible

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

royaltynounUS /ˈrɔɪəlti/

payment to the holder of a patent or copyright or resource for the right to use their property

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

sectnounUS /sekt/

a subdivision of a larger religious group

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

SettlementnounUS /ˈsetəlmənt/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

severelyadverbUS /səˈvɪrli/

to a severe or serious degree

From this reading These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.

signnounUS /saɪn/

a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

sprangverbUS /spræŋ/

inflected form of “spring” — move forward by leaps and bounds

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

sufferverbUS /ˈsʌfər/

undergo or be subjected to

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These people were severely punished on account of their religious ideas.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

uncoververbUS /ənˈkʌvər/

remove all or part of one's clothes to show one's body

From this reading Believing that all men were equal before the law, the Quaker always kept his hat on in public places as a sign of equality, refusing to uncover even in the presence of royalty.

UnderprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Under the leadership of George Fox there sprang up (about 1669) a peculiar religious sect called by themselves Friends and by others Quakers.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading The central doctrine of their creed was that they were in all things led by the "inner light," as they called conscience, which revealed to them the will of God.

William

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

worshipverbUS /ˈwɜːrʃəp/

love unquestioningly and uncritically or to excess; venerate as an idol

From this reading William Penn and the Settlement of Pennsylvania [1644-1718] The Pilgrims and Puritans were not the only people who had to suffer persecution in England because they did not believe in the doctrines and forms of worship of the Established Church.

Chapter 8 of American Leaders and Heroes by Wilbur F. (Wilbur Fisk) Gordy holds 113 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of American Leaders and Heroes contain?

Chapter 8 holds 113 sentences of American Leaders and Heroes, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of American Leaders and Heroes by Wilbur F. (Wilbur Fisk) Gordy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 113 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of American Leaders and Heroes?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 23 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading American Leaders and Heroes

Common questions about reading American Leaders and Heroes by Wilbur F. (Wilbur Fisk) Gordy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of American Leaders and Heroes?

Yes. All 3757 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #35742 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of American Leaders and Heroes is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #35742, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does American Leaders and Heroes take to read?

About 313 minutes of reading across 752 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read American Leaders and Heroes section by section

How to work through American Leaders and Heroes section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 26 chapters of American Leaders and Heroes to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in American Leaders and Heroes

Words and structures a reader meets early in American Leaders and Heroes, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Teaching
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Leaders and Heroes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
History
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Leaders and Heroes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Girls
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Leaders and Heroes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Twelve
A word that appears in the opening chapter of American Leaders and Heroes; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.