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An Alphabet of Old Friends
An Alphabet of Old Friends

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of An Alphabet of Old Friends is here in full — 60 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for An Alphabet of Old Friends
Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.
"Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."
The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.
"Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."
Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?
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Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

An Alphabet of Old Friends

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of An Alphabet of Old Friends is here in full — 60 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.
Line 2
"Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."
/waɪf brɪŋ miː maɪ oʊld bent baʊ ðæt aɪ meɪ ʃuːt jɑːn ˈkeriən kroʊ/
Line 3
The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.
/ðə ˈteɪlər hiː ʃɑːt ənd mɪst hɪz mɑːrk ənd ʃɑːt hɪz oʊn saʊ kwaɪt θruː ðə hɑːrt/
Line 4
"Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."
/waɪf waɪf brɪŋ ˈbrændi ɪn ə spuːn fɔːr ˈaʊər oʊld saʊ ɪz ɪn ə swuːn/
Line 5
Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?
/ˌbiːˈeɪ ˌbiːˈeɪ blæk ʃiːp hæv juː ˈeni wʊl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

alphabet noun US /ˈælfəbet/

a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language

From this reading “An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.”

carrion noun US /ˈkeriən/

the dead and rotting body of an animal; unfit for human food

From this reading “An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.”

crow verb US /kroʊ/

dwell on with satisfaction

From this reading “An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.”

originally adverb US /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading “An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.”

sow verb US /saʊ/

place (seeds) in or on the ground for future growth

From this reading “The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.”

spoon noun US /spuːn/

a piece of cutlery with a shallow bowl-shaped container and a handle; used to stir or serve or take up food

From this reading “"Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."”

swoon verb US /swuːn/

pass out from weakness, physical or emotional distress due to a loss of blood supply to the brain

From this reading “"Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."”

wool noun US /wʊl/

a fabric made from the hair of sheep

From this reading “Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?”

All words in this reading · 55

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1874

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

alphabetnounUS /ˈælfəbet/

a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

AndeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?

BanounUS /ˌbiːˈeɪ/

a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group; found in barite

From this reading Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?

bentnounUS /bent/

a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?

bownounUS /baʊ/

a knot with two loops and loose ends; used to tie shoelaces

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

brandynounUS /ˈbrændi/

distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice

From this reading "Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

carrionnounUS /ˈkeriən/

the dead and rotting body of an animal; unfit for human food

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

cloaknounUS /kloʊk/

anything that covers or conceals

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

crowverbUS /kroʊ/

dwell on with satisfaction

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading "Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

Haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading "Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."

markverbUS /mɑːrk/

attach a tag or label to

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

missedadjectiveUS /mɪst/

not caught with the senses or the mind

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

oaknounUS /oʊk/

the hard durable wood of any oak; used especially for furniture and flooring

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

originallyadverbUS /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading "Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

publishedadjectiveUS /ˈpʌblɪʃt/

prepared and printed for distribution and sale

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

satnounUS /sæt/

the seventh and last day of the week; observed as the Sabbath by Jews and some Christians

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

shapenounUS /ʃeɪp/

any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

sheepnounUS /ʃiːp/

woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat

From this reading Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?

shootverbUS /ʃuːt/

hit with a missile from a weapon

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

shotnounUS /ʃɑːt/

the act of firing a projectile

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

sowverbUS /saʊ/

place (seeds) in or on the ground for future growth

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

spoonnounUS /spuːn/

a piece of cutlery with a shallow bowl-shaped container and a handle; used to stir or serve or take up food

From this reading "Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."

swoonverbUS /swuːn/

pass out from weakness, physical or emotional distress due to a loss of blood supply to the brain

From this reading "Wife, wife, bring brandy in a spoon, For our old sow is in a swoon."

tailorverbUS /ˈteɪlər/

adjust to a specific need or market

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading The tailor he shot and missed his mark, And shot his own sow quite through the heart.

WatchingnounUS /ˈwɑːtʃɪŋ/

the act of observing; taking a patient look

From this reading An alphabet of old friends originally published 1874; A carrion crow sat on an oak, Watching a tailor shape his cloak.

WifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

woolnounUS /wʊl/

a fabric made from the hair of sheep

From this reading Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?

yonadjectiveUS /jɑːn/

distant but within sight (“yon” is dialectal)

From this reading "Wife, bring me my old bent bow, That I may shoot yon carrion crow."

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Ba, ba, black sheep, Have you any wool?

Chapter 1 of An Alphabet of Old Friends by Walter Crane holds 60 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of An Alphabet of Old Friends contain?

Chapter 1 holds 60 sentences of An Alphabet of Old Friends, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of An Alphabet of Old Friends by Walter Crane exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 60 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of An Alphabet of Old Friends?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Alphabet of Old Friends

Common questions about reading An Alphabet of Old Friends by Walter Crane on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Alphabet of Old Friends?

Yes. All 60 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #17282 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Alphabet of Old Friends is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #17282, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Alphabet of Old Friends take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 12 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read An Alphabet of Old Friends section by section

How to work through An Alphabet of Old Friends section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 1 chapters of An Alphabet of Old Friends to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in An Alphabet of Old Friends

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Alphabet of Old Friends, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Alphabet
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Alphabet of Old Friends; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Friends
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Alphabet of Old Friends; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Originally
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Alphabet of Old Friends; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Published
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Alphabet of Old Friends; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.