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An Elementary Study of Insects
An Elementary Study of Insects

Chapter XVI · Chapter 16

Chapter 16 of An Elementary Study of Insects is here in full — 48 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/9 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.
If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.
If the study is made in the fall the species on turnips, corn or other plant or crop may be selected.
The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.
The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
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/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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An Elementary Study of Insects

Chapter XVI · Chapter 16

Chapter 16 of An Elementary Study of Insects is here in full — 48 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/9 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.
Line 2
If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.
/ɪf ðə ˈstʌdi ɪz meɪd ɪn ðə sprɪŋ ðə laʊs ɑːn roʊz ˈæpəl ˈkloʊvər wiːt ɔːr ˈeni ˈʌðər krɑːp meɪ biː juːzd/
Line 3
If the study is made in the fall the species on turnips, corn or other plant or crop may be selected.
/ɪf ðə ˈstʌdi ɪz meɪd ɪn ðə fɔːl ðə ˈspiːʃiz ɑːn ˈtɜːrnəps kɔːrn ɔːr ˈʌðər plænt ɔːr krɑːp meɪ biː səˈlektɪd/
Line 4
The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.
/ðə ˈdɪfərənt ˈspiːʃiz ˈveri ˈɡreɪtli bʌt fɔːr ðiːz ˈstʌdiz ˈeni əˈveɪləbəl ˈspiːʃiz wɪl biː ˌsætəˈsfæktri/
Line 5
The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

clover noun US /ˈkloʊvər/

a plant of the genus Trifolium

From this reading “If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.”

feeds noun US /fiːdz/

plural of “feed” — food for domestic livestock

From this reading “The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.”

injuring verb US /ˈɪndʒərɪŋ/

-ing form of “injure” — cause injuries or bodily harm to

From this reading “The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.”

insect noun US /ˈɪnsekt/

small air-breathing arthropod

From this reading “The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.”

louse noun US /laʊs/

wingless usually flattened bloodsucking insect parasitic on warm-blooded animals

From this reading “THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.”

multiplies verb US /ˈmʌltəplaɪz/

third-person singular of “multiply” — combine by multiplication

From this reading “The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.”

turnips noun US /ˈtɜːrnəps/

plural of “turnip” — widely cultivated plant having a large fleshy edible white or yellow root

From this reading “If the study is made in the fall the species on turnips, corn or other plant or crop may be selected.”

vary verb US /ˈveri/

become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence

From this reading “The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.”

All words in this reading · 54

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

aphisnoun

type genus of the Aphididae: injurious to fruit trees and vegetables

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

applenounUS /ˈæpəl/

fruit with red or yellow or green skin and sweet to tart crisp whitish flesh

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

availableadjectiveUS /əˈveɪləbəl/

obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service

From this reading The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.

chapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

clovernounUS /ˈkloʊvər/

a plant of the genus Trifolium

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

cornnounUS /kɔːrn/

tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears: widely cultivated in America in many varieties; the principal cereal in Mexico and Central and South America since pre-Columbian times

From this reading If the study is made in the fall the species on turnips, corn or other plant or crop may be selected.

cropnounUS /krɑːp/

the yield from plants in a single growing season

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

cropsnounUS /krɑːps/

plural of “crop” — the yield from plants in a single growing season

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.

fallverbUS /fɔːl/

descend in free fall under the influence of gravity

From this reading If the study is made in the fall the species on turnips, corn or other plant or crop may be selected.

feedsnounUS /fiːdz/

plural of “feed” — food for domestic livestock

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

greatlyadverbUS /ˈɡreɪtli/

to an extraordinary extent or degree

From this reading The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

injuringverbUS /ˈɪndʒərɪŋ/

-ing form of “injure” — cause injuries or bodily harm to

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

insectnounUS /ˈɪnsekt/

small air-breathing arthropod

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

lousenounUS /laʊs/

wingless usually flattened bloodsucking insect parasitic on warm-blooded animals

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

multipliesverbUS /ˈmʌltəplaɪz/

third-person singular of “multiply” — combine by multiplication

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

plantverbUS /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading If the study is made in the fall the species on turnips, corn or other plant or crop may be selected.

PLANT-LOUSE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

rapidlyadverbUS /ˈræpədli/

with speed

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

sap-sucking

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

satisfactoryadjectiveUS /ˌsætəˈsfæktri/

giving satisfaction

From this reading The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.

selectedadjectiveUS /səˈlektɪd/

chosen in preference to another

From this reading If the study is made in the fall the species on turnips, corn or other plant or crop may be selected.

seriouslyadverbUS /ˈsɪriəsli/

in a serious manner

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

speciesnounUS /ˈspiːʃiz/

(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

studiesnounUS /ˈstʌdiz/

plural of “study” — a detailed critical inspection

From this reading The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

turnipsnounUS /ˈtɜːrnəps/

plural of “turnip” — widely cultivated plant having a large fleshy edible white or yellow root

From this reading If the study is made in the fall the species on turnips, corn or other plant or crop may be selected.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading THE PLANT-LOUSE For this chapter any common species of plant-louse may be used.

varyverbUS /ˈveri/

become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence

From this reading The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.

wheatnounUS /wiːt/

annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains

From this reading If the study is made in the spring the louse on rose, apple, clover, wheat or any other crop may be used.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The plant-louse or aphis is a sap-sucking insect which feeds and multiplies rapidly often seriously injuring crops.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading The different species vary greatly but for these studies any available species will be satisfactory.

Chapter 16 of An Elementary Study of Insects by Leonard Haseman holds 48 sentences, grouped into 10 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of An Elementary Study of Insects contain?

Chapter 16 holds 48 sentences of An Elementary Study of Insects, unabridged, divided into 10 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of An Elementary Study of Insects by Leonard Haseman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 48 sentences, grouped into 10 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of An Elementary Study of Insects?

Work through the 10 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 10 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 16 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading An Elementary Study of Insects

Common questions about reading An Elementary Study of Insects by Leonard Haseman on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of An Elementary Study of Insects?

Yes. All 910 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #23434 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of An Elementary Study of Insects is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #23434, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does An Elementary Study of Insects take to read?

About 75 minutes of reading across 182 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read An Elementary Study of Insects section by section

How to work through An Elementary Study of Insects section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 18 chapters of An Elementary Study of Insects to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in An Elementary Study of Insects

Words and structures a reader meets early in An Elementary Study of Insects, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Discussion
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Elementary Study of Insects; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Behavior
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Elementary Study of Insects; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Colony
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Elementary Study of Insects; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Remarkable
A word that appears in the opening chapter of An Elementary Study of Insects; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.